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CHATTANOOGA, 

HAMILTON COUNTY, 

AND 

LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 



LOUIS L. PARHAM. 



CHATTANOOGA. 
1876. 



CHATTANOOGA, 

TENNESSEE; 

HAMILTON COUNTY, 



AND 



LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 



An Epitome of Chattafhoo£a from her Early Days down to 
the Present; Hamilton County, its Soil, Climate, 
Area, Population, W^ealth, Etc-, Lookout 
Mountain, its Battle-fields, 
Beauties, Climate' 
and other At- 
tractions. 



PREPARED AND PUBLISHED JJV 

/ 

LOUIS Xj, ipj^K.HCJV..l!vd:. 



CHATTANOOUA, TKNN. 

1876. 



COIsTTElI^TS . 



Fart 1. CHATTANOO G A . 

CITY OFFICERS, OFFICES, CITY CHARTER, GOVERNMENT, FIRE 
DEPARTMENT, PUBLIC WORKS and BUILDINGS— EDUCATION- 
AL INSTITUTIONS— POPULATION and VALUATIONS, (process 
in past decade)— ORDERS, SOCIETIES, CHURCHES— SETTLEMENT, 
LOCATION— NAVIGABLE RIVERS, RIVER TRADE and VALUE. 
RIVER IMPROVEMENT, (official Rep U. S. Eng. )— MORTUARY and 
HEALTH STATISTICS ( 1 HYA )— WATER SUPPLY. 

CHATTANOOGA and the CENTENNIAL, (including Mineral District)— 
BUSINESS, TRADE— MANUFACTORIES, MILLING— IRON and its 
Manufacture— RAILROAD INTERESTS and CONNECTIONS— REAL 
ESTATE and RENTS— ETC., ETC., ETC., 



Part 2. HAMILTON COUNTY. 

LOCATION, SETTLEMENT — GOVERNMENT, OFFICERS — PUBLH; 
WORKS and BUILDINGS— TURNPIKES and ROADS— FINANCIAL 
CONDITION — RESOURCES— BRIDGES — AGRICULTURAL and 
MINING — (including advanced views of Experienced Farmers on the 
Wealth of Soil)— EDUCATION, POPULATION— PRICES of LANDS, 
CHARACTER OF SOIL, ETC., ETC., ETC. 



rart 3. LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 

'.EAUTIES, VAGARIES of NATURE — BATTLE FIELDS — CLLM ATE 
and SOIL— CHK^AMAUGA and MISSION RIDGE, ETC., ETC. 



P^^4— 



■•-•'/ 



Kutered accordinji; to A.ct of Congress in the .year lH7(i, liy 

LOUIS L. PAKHAM, 

in the Oftioe of the Librarian of Congress, at V/ashinsitou, 1). C. 

The right of Traa.slat.Jon re»«ry«i). 



PREFATORY REMARKS. 



The Publisher of the following pages begs the indulgence of 
the reader to explain, briefly, the causes which led to the prepa- 
ration of this work, as well as to thank, in this connection, those 
who have rendered aid and assistance. The Publisher was reared 
in Chattanooga, and is somewhat familiar with its history; he 
has watched its progress, for some years, with no little interest; 
and having been connected with the Press most of the time, in 
different capacities, he has had facilities for obtaining information 
not afforded those of other callings in life. No attempt is made 
at rhetorical display ; no fine effect by high-sounding words, or 
finished phrase, is sought to be made ; and if, at times, fancy 
plumes its wings and soars beyond the commonplace realms of 
sober facts, it will only be found an embellishment of those truths 
which he has been very careful to arrive at, from all sources of 
information at his hands. The history of Chattanooga is a his- 
tory of adventure, of peril, fortitude and energy, as applicable to 
its earlier days — and of perseverance under the most trying cir- 
cumstances within the past decade. Chattanooga has had her 
trials, and many have stooci by her ; adversity has grappled with 
her, and although her masts were well-nigh taken away and the 
old ship very nearly scuttled, as it were, Chattanooga has with- 
stood the shock, and to-day begins to ride prosperously the 
troublous sea, whose waves at one time seemed to threaten her 
prosperity. At such times, we could exclaim with a gifted and 
eloquent author, " The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot 
may desert her cause, but he who stands it now, deserves the love 
and praise of men and women." Without invidious selections, 
we wish to tender our thanks to Messrs. J. W. James, John P. 
Long. W. P. Rathburn, C. E. Stanley. R. M. Hooke, the Centen- 
nial Committee, the members o the City Council, and all others 
who kindly proffered and rendered aid to the Publisher; and 
finally we wish to express the hope that one and all interested in 
her welfare may reap a rich share of the benefits that may flow 
from this humble contribution to the publication of the Past 
and the Present of Chattanooga, and of Hamilton County. 



Ci3:Jk.TTJk.2srOOCxJ^. 



HISTORICAL RECORD. 

The settlement of Chattanooga commenced in 1835. At that 
period, the site of the present city was one vast forest, through 
which the aborigines roamed at will. In December of the pre- 
vious year, the treaty for the lands in this section was made with 
the Indians, and ratified by the U. S. Senate May, 1836. At this 
time there were but few whites here — a primitive hut did service 
for a hotel — Daniel Henderson, Esq., father-in-law of our es- 
teemed fellow-citizen, Richard Henderson, Esq., doing the 
honors of the host. 

The name of the place was "Ross' Landing," taking its sug- 
gestive titl^e from John Ross, a distinguished half-breed, who re- 
sided here, and the Chief of the Cherokee nation. He educated 
his daughters in North Carolina — thus evincing his estimate of 
culture and knowledge. He established a ferry and warehouse 
at the Tennessee River, and resided at Rossville, just over the 
line, 5 miles south of Chattanooga, in Georgia. 

In 1835, among the whites who settled here were Samuel 
Williams, who is still living, Daniel Henderson, and John 
Keeney. In 1836 came Aaron M. Rawlings, Jno. P. Long, 
D. A. Wilds, W. M. Davis, Samuel Stewart, Wm. Long, 
Dr. Nathan Harris. In 1837 the first postoffice was established, 
and the first postmaster was Capt. John P. Long, now living in 
the city, an esteemed, useful member of society. The first news- 
paper was the "Hamilton Gazette," b}^ F'erdinand A. Parham, 
deceased in 1862. The material for this paper was floated down 
the Tennessee river in a flat-boat, from Knoxville, and placed 
in a small log cabin on Walnut st, near cor. Third. This was 
the year 1837. Politically, the Gazette was a Whig paper. 

The pioneers in building up the town were men of stamp and 
unyielding perseverance. Besides those mentioned, the follow- 
ing were others engaged in the work : Judge R. M. Hooke, 
yet living ; Benj. Rush Montgomery, Col. Jas. A. Whiteside, 
Thos. Crutchfield, Sr., John Cowart, J. W. Smith, Allen 
Kennedy, A. S. Lenoir, Dr. S. S. M. Doak, George D. Foster, 
R. a. Ramsey, M. B. Parham, J. S. Edwards, of whom the 
latter is living. The town was laid off into lots, in 1838, and 
sold off in April, 1839. About 250 acres constituted the limits 
of the new town, which was built near the river, owing to the 



CHATTANOOGA. 



trade there. In 1841. the name oi "Chattanooga," was given 
to the place. 

THE WHITES 

began coming in quite freely this year, and the red man was induced 
to move on toward the setting of the sun. Now, were it possi- 
ble for those who in the earlier days of Chattanooga left, ne'er to 
return, unless in the spirit, to stand upon some eminence and 
look down upon the scenes presented to the view, what a magic 
change would the}' note ! The wooded wilds of their nativ^e 
heath has become, lo ! a busy, industrious city, with beautiful, 
wide streets, handsome residences and substantial business houses; 
its quiet is disturbed by the hum of business. The tall oaks and 
pines have been felled, and converted into uses of agriculture and 
manufacture. A town has risen up, as if by enchantment, pre- 
senting to their view the evidences of wealth, of commerce, of 
learning, and the arts. 

REMINISCENCES OF EARLY DAYS. 

From the early days of Chattanooga as an incorporated town 
to 1852, when it was honored with the title, "City," no records 
have been preserved, and consequently the gap is only partially 
filled : two or thre£ only of those who participated in the honors 
of the municipal government prior to 185 i are with us, and from 
those, and other sources we derive the information contained in 
these pages. In the part of this work devoted to Hamilton 
County will be found many incidents pertinent to this sub- 
ject — matters which call for special mention and enlargement. 

Market street was hewn out under the supervision of the town 
commissioners — Thos. Crutchfield, Sr., having charge of the 
squad of hardy workmen. At that time, where now may be 
seen a street railway, business houses, drays and all the busy 
hum of life, was a vast forest, through which these men waded 
with axe and pick, felling the huge oaks on right and left, up- 
rooting stumps, and otherwise preparing a way for the future 
business thoroughfare of what they rightly esteemed the site of 
a thrifty, large manufacturing point and railroad center. 

"the funnel of the universe." 

This was the favorite expression of Col. B. R. Montgomery, 
when speaking of the future of Chattanooga. He was known for 
his clear-headed views, social qualities, and energy. During the 
progress of work on the street. Col. M., would "mount a stump," 
in the language of one of our old inhabitants, "and harangue the 
crowd around him" on this fruitful theme, in which he would in- 
dulge in speculations as to the future, all of which has proved 



CHATTANOOGA. 



true. In these little talks, others joined, among them Jas. A. 
Whiteside, F. A. Parham, Jno. Cowart, — all of whom were 
equally as sanguine. Some of them lived to see only a part of 
their predictions fulfilled, all lived to see them either brought to 
completion, or put in process of construction. In this connec- 
tion we introduce some letters written by Judge R. M. Hooke, 
at a time when the Railroad interest was in its infancy, which 
serve to show the sagacity of the writer whose energy and perse- 
verance, in those days, together with that of his co-laborers and 
associates has borne its good fruit. It must be borne in mind 
that Georgia wished to turn the Western and Atlantic R. R. 
from our very doors to the Tennessee River, via Gunter's Land- 
ing, in Alabama. So determined seemed Georgia in this matter, 
that Messrs. Whiteside, Hooke, Montgomery, McCallie, Boyce, 
and other of the Railroad magnates of that day determined to 
send some one to the capital of Georgia, to "lobby" for the 
extension of the Road to this point. Accordingly, Col. White- 
side, who had been a Senator in the Tennessee Legislature at a 
time when Georgia was at our feet with petitions for favors at 
the hands of our generous people, repaired to Milledgeville bear- 
ing a simple request for reciprocation. Going to Gov. Crawford, 
Col. W. laid the matter before him in all its true bearings, and 
after considerable delay in overcoming the opposition of the Leg- 
islature, he accomplished his object. The State of Georgia pro- 
ceeded with the construction of the Road toward Chattanooga, 
fmishing up to the tunnel ; and not having means to cut through 
began in town finishing to the Ridge, thus making it necessary 
to wagon freight to the other end of the line south of the Ridge. 
This was in 1849 — ^^^ Road advertising to take all freight away ; 
this they could not do, however, as 40,000 bales of cotton alone 
came in this year from below, on the Tennessee River. But the 
following are the letters referred to : 

Chattanooga, Tenn., March 4th, 18-45. 
Hon. A. 0. P. Nicholson : ^ 

Dear Sir. — Although I have not the honor of a personal acquaintance 
with you, I have taken the liberty of forwarding to your address the Federal 
Union, of the 25th February, directing your attention to an article on the sub- 
ject of the "Western and Atlantic Railroad,' the completion of which I have 
always looked upon as an object of the highest consideration, and claiming 
the deepest interest of every citizen of Tennessee. In works of Internal Im- 
provements, Tennessee stands far in the rear of manj' of her sister States. 
We need not seek for the cau.se of this in the want of intelligence, energy, and 
enterprise of her citizens, who have so often distinguished themselves in other 
days; but from the fact, that there exist within herself no points, the connec- 
tion of which, by means of a railroad, would be either profitable or of any 



CHATTANOOGA. 



great public utility. But how would the matter stand should the Western and 
Atlantic R. R. be finished as contemplated, reaching from a point within our 
borders to the Atlantic Coast, opening a wide field for the rich products of our 
industrj-? It would require no argument then to prove the necessity and ex- 
pediency of connecting it with some important points within our State. Geor- 
gia, perhaps, never thought of building her railroads through her interior until 
South Carolina s Engineers encamped upon her borders, and signified by signs 
not to be misunderstood, that they were about constructing a railroad connect- 
ing the commercial emporiums of the two States. The very existence of the 
one produced the necessity and expendiency of the other. So with Virginia, 
North Carolina, and many of the other States, the longer the chain the more 
profitable and greater the public utility^ That the Western & Atlantic Railroad 
is the most expedient and direct main route which must, at no distant day, 
connect the cities of the interior of the Great West, must be obvious to every 
careful and unprejudiced observer, when we turn our eyes to anj- correct map. 
Placing ourselves at St. Louis we find Savannah the terminus of the Central 
Railroad, the nearest point on the Atlantic Coast. Should we then draw a 
line from St. Louis to Savannah we would find that Chattanooga, Nashville 
and Smithland would either be covered or shaded by it. Thus we see where 
nature designed the great thoroughfare should be. Shall Tennessee stand and 
see it pass her borders on some other more unfavorable route ? 

As a patron of your excellent paper, and a citizen of Tennessee, feeling a 
lively interest in everything tending to elevate her standing and enhance her 
prosperity, must request the publication of the article in the Federal Union 
to which I have alluded above. In haste, Your ob't servant, 

R. M. HooKE. 

LETTEH TO HON. J. OVERTON, 

Chattanooga, Tenn., June 6th, 1845. 
Dr. John Overton : 

Dear Sir. — Your favor of 29th ult., was received by due course of mail. 

I regret to learn you were unable to find the Laws of Georgia in the Secre- 
tary's office. I have, however, procured one from Col. Whiteside, of this place, 
which he had the kindness to offer me for your use, which I have enveloped, 
etc., and put in the charge of the stage driver from this place, directed to j'ou 
at Nashville, care Postmaster, which I hope you may receive in due time. 
You will find in it all the different Charters of the State of Georgia, Amend- 
ments, &c. 

I have also taken the liberty of enclosing with the above books, Niles' Reg- 
ister, of 17th May, ' iiy, in which you will find much general information rela- 
tive to railroads, both in the United States and England, their original cost, 
the present value of their stock, all of which are collated from the Railroad 
Journal and may be relied upon as correct in every particular. 

The Legislature of Georgia in passing the law to work the convicts in the 
Penitentiary on the railroads, had in view an unfinished portion of the State 
work, about 25 miles South of this place, known as the Tunnel. By making a 
tunnel thirteen hundred feet it would shorten the line three miles. The gover- 



CHATTANOOGA. 



nor, however, who had the control of the work, thought it the most expedient; 
since the appropriation was insufficient to finish the whole to progress with 
the work just so far as they had means to finish it, and not to finish the whole 
simnltaneoush', as had been the policy heretofore adopted. The propriety of 
the measure was therefore never tested, that portion of the road which is now 
in progress, requiring mechanical skill to finish it. The cost of the grading 
and masonry of railroads compared with the entire cost, varies very much in 
different countries. Such a country as the North Carolina Railroad runs 
through, the grading and masonry are very light, while on the Georgia and 
other roads, and such as ours would be from here to Nashville, would be over 
three-fourths of the whole cost. 

The distance from Chattanooga via the railroad to the Georgia line is about 
16 miles. In a western direction the State of Georgia approaches within .Si 
miles. 

The grading and masonry on the Western & Atlantic Railroad are much 
better executed than any I have ever seen in the United States. Enough 
money has alreadj^ been expended on it to have put the cars on the whole line. 
They have made a double track when a single one was sufficient, the masonry 
too fine, too costly. My opinion about the construction of a road is, that it be 
done on the cheapest, substantial plan, without any useless show of architec- 
ture or masonry. Private Stock Companies always Iniild a road cheaper than 
and beXter than States. When a State work is undertaken no economy is 
used, but useless extravagance. Hence they have become deservedly unpopu- 
lar. From the best information I have the people ai-e opposed to the State 
taking much, if any. Stock in railroads. The explosion of the Hiwassee Rail- 
road Company has prejudiced many against such a policy. Yet I think if a 
favorable Charter could be obtained that the Stock would be taken by private 
individuals. On the Georgia Railroad the Stockholders themselves, with their 
hands have done most of the work, expending money only for such portions 
of the work as required mechanical skill. 

The Georgia Railroad Company, as you will discover, have banking privil- 
ege, and have always sustained their Institution in credit. So also the Central 
Railroad and Banking Company. 

When I receive the information and documents from the South, you will 
hear from me again. Respectfully, Your ob't servant, 

R. M. HooKE. 

N. B. — I send Niles' Register above alluded to, thinking probably you might 
not take it, or be enabled to get it conveniently. H. 

ANOTHER OLD DOCUMENT : 

The following letter was written in 1845, the succeeding year, 
by Col. B. R. Montgomery, who was also interested in the Rail- 
road movement of those days. The letter speaks for itself, and 
is the more interesting as serving" to throw additional light on the 
absorbing topic of the day. Chattanooga may not be exactly the 
"funnel of the Universe," but she is the "Key City" of the South: 



10 CHATTANOOGA. 



" GAZETTE— ^r/m. 
'Chattanooga, March 23, 184-9, 

" After our paper of this week was struck off", we received the 
following copy of a Letter addressed to the Editor of the Mc- 
Minnville Gazette, and by request, issue it in extra: 

" Chattanooca, March 20th, lH4tl. 
" yo/iu W. Ford, Esq. 

"SIR: About four jears since, I considered that the time had ar- 
rived to commence the development of a grand system or scheme of Internal 
Improvements, which 1 had formed many years previous to that time, the ac- 
complishment of which I deemed of immense importance to our State. The 
greatest feature in it was the continuation of the Atlantic line of Railroads in 
such a manner as to accommodate all sections of the State, either hy putting 
them in direct contact with the main stem, or by so locating it that hy branch 
Roads and Rivers, all could have a free and favorable connexion with it. I 
accordingly, in the spring of 1845, commenced more active operations for the 
purpose of securing the speedy construction of a Railroad from the western 
terminus of the (reorgia line of Railroads at Chattanooga to Nashville, on the 
Cumberland rivfM-, and have constantly pressed that great enterprise until the 
country can confidently rely upon its speedy completion. The benefits of my 
great system thus partially unfolded and projected, are alreadj' visible in the 
greatly enhanced value of real estate contiguous to the line of the Road, and 
which will be yeX quadrupled by its completion, and will, in a very short time 
display in meridian splendor the lienefits that will result by its final comple- 
tion. The forwardness of this work, which will be pressed with energy and 
decision, promptitude and vigilance, renders it expedient that active atid ef- 
ficient measures be taken and now adopted, for the speedy accomplishment ot 
the remainder of the system. While my most particular attention has been 
directed to the Nashville Road as being the corner stone of the system, I have 
not failed to bring forward and fix upon the public mind the importance of a 
Railroad extension East from Knoxville to the Virginia line, and West from 
Nashville to tfie Mississippi river. These lines, as well as the Nashville line, 
1 projected. They have been chartered, and a commendable public spirit 
looking to their construction has alread.y been manifested by the citizens of 
the country through which they pass. These lines, with the completion of the 
Hiwassee Road, form the grand outline of the scheme to be perfected and 
carrietl out, by diverging and separate branches from the ^hattanooga and 
Mississippi Road, North to McMinnville and to the State line in the direction 
of Louisville, and South to Huntsville, to Shelbyville, to Columbia, and to 
Norlh Mississippi in the direction of Mobile and New Orleans. The Western 
terminus on the Mississippi river, to be located with the view to a direct con- 
nection with the great California road, .should the point of commencement of 
that road not be made in the interior of our own State, where it doubtless 



CHATTANOOGA. 11 



should be. The Hiwassee and Virginia Roads through the valley of East 
Tennessee, in connection with the Nashville and Mis.sissippi Road, with the 
branches before indicated, and such others as laay be needed to complete the 
system of Railroads, when built, will add untold millions to the wealth of our 
State in the increased value of its lands and productions — the active develop- 
ment of its present dormant, but inexhaustible, mineral and manufacturing 
resources, and will greatly augment its political and moral influence by the 
increase and refinement of its population. To complete this system and 
scheme, the powerful influence and all-sutficient aid of the State is indispensi- 
ble — it must be had to the e.xteut of four or five millions of dollars, and it can 
be extended thus far without endangering its credit and character. 1 am out 
of all patience with our leading politicians of all parties, who content them- 
selves with considering and discussing dry political abstractions to the utter 
neglect of all the great local interests directly atfecting the permanent wel- 
fare, the true honor and glory of our State; and in order to do what I can to 
correct the practice, and to bring up this great interest of our State to the con- 
sideration of the people, I present myself as a candidate for Governor of the 
State at the next election, and shall take an early occasion to lay before the 
people an exposition of the details and advantages of my favorite policy. 

"B. R. MONTGOMERY." 

The above was taken from the Chattanooga Gazette Extra, the 
original of which we have before us, and it is given word for word 
as it appears. Many incidents of the earHer days of Chattanooga 
and surrounding country have come to the writer in various 
ways — having traveled over much of the contiguous country, he 
has met some of those who were in some way connected, or fa- 
miliar with, the infant days of the place, whose narrativ^es are 
full of interest and wild adventure ; but the narrow limits of this 
book will not admit of their production here. 

CHRONOLOGICAL. 
1835. — Treaty with the Indians concluded, and whites take possession of 
that portion of Hamilton County south of Tennessee River (Ross' Landing.) 

1836. — Arrival of more wliites, among whom were, .Ino. P. Long, A. M. 
Rawlings, Wm. M. Davis, Dr. Nath. Harris. John Keeney, D. A. Wylds, R. A. 
Ramsey, and others. 

1837 — U. S. Troops began coming in, and preparations ai"e made for the 
removal of the Indians to their reservations; lirst Postoffice established. 

1338. — Name of "Chattanooga" given to the place; The "Hamilton Ga- 
zette" established by F. A. Parham; Judge R. M. Hooke appointed by the 
President, Martin Van Buren, to remove Indians to their reservations. 

1839.--Act of General Assembly incoi-porating Chattanooga; the first 
Steamboat — "Sam Martin," George Nicholson, master, arrives from Ohio river: 
owned by R, M. Hooke, Thos. McCallie, Ben. Chandler and others. 

1840.~Election for Board of Mayor and Aldermen, Januarj- 24; James 



12 CHATTANOOGA. 



Berry elected Mayor of the town. 

1841 — Dr. Beriah Frazier elected Mayor. 

1842— Dr. Milo Smith elected Mayor. 

1843-4-5-6-7-8-9-50-1. -These years were HUed in l.y Dr.< Smith, and 
Joe S. Gille.spie, and perhaps one or two others, wiiose names cannot be ar- 
rived at owing: to the loss of records. 

BOARDS OF MAYOR AND ALDER.MEN. 
1852. 

MAYOR. 

MiLo Smith. 

ALDERMEN : 
FIRST WARD. SECOND WARD. 

Larkin Hair, M. B. Parham, John P. Long, J. J. Bryan, 

THIRD WARD. FOURIH WARD. 

Robert Cravens, William Cnnchfield, D. C McMillin, John A. Hooke. 

1853. 

MAYOR. 

H. W. MaSSEN(JAI>E. 

ALDERMEN : 

H. V. Abrams, M. B. Parham, J. J. Brjan, Wm. Williams, 

B. R. Monti^oraery, Robt. B. Nelson, James Baker, H. B. Pope. 

"1854. 

MAYOR : 
Wm. WlLLIAM.S. 
ALDERMEN : 

M. B, Parham, H. S. Abrams. John W. White, Jos. S. Gillespie, 

John L. Hopkins, C. E. Grenville, W. F. Ragsdale, Wm. Crntchfield. 

1855. 

MAYOR : 

E. G. Pearl. 

ALDERMEN : 

W. F. Riigsdale, James A. Whiteside, 0. H. P. Wayne, J. H. Alexander, 
J. J. James, Wm. .Smith. Sam'l. W. Thomas, Jas. C. Warner, 

1856. 

MAYOR: 
D. C. MoMlLLlN. 
ALDERMEN: 

James S. Edwards, Chas. Burns, James Ivelley, Thus. J. Lattner, 

W. K. Fvennedy, A. T. Carrol], Jas. C. ^A'^arne^, A. H. Johnson, 



1857. 



mayor: 

W. D. FULLTON. 



CHATTANOOGA. 13 



BOARDS OK M. & A. (Continued.) 

ALDERMEN : 

R. B. Brabson, Jno P. Hodges, J. W. White, W. S. Bell, 
John Lowry, W. F, Ragsdale, Peter Lewis, A. D. Taylor. 

1858. 

mayor: 
W. S. Bell. 

aldermen: 
John L. Hopkins, James S. Edwards, V. Q. Johnson, Jno. W. White, 
Sam'l. McCamy, J. W. Rice, J. C. Warner, Jno. L. Hopkins- 

1859. 

MAYOR : 

Thos- Crctchfield, Sr. 
aldermen : 
Jas. S. Edwards, Robert. L. Hooke, W„ S. Bell, V. Q. Johnson, 
Benjamin Chandler, Thomas Webster, Peter E. Lewis- 

1860 

MAY'OR : 

Chas. E. Grenville, 
aldermen : 
Moses Wells, T. J. Lattner, W. L. Dagger, D. Herrington, 

R. M. Tankesly, Christopher Cornish, Daniel Hogan, T. T. Hood. 

1861. 

MAYOR : 

J. C Warner. 

ALDERMEN : 

Jas. S. Edwai'ds, R. Henderson W. L. Dagger, D. Herrington, 

Jesse Thompson, Foster Whiteside, Thos. Webster, Jacob Kunz. 

1862 

MAYOR : 

MiLo Smith. 

ALDERMEN : 

R. Henderson, John Mitchell, D. Herrington, W. L. Dugger, 

Sam'l. R. McCaraey, Foster Whiteside, D. Kaylor, Thos. Webster. 

1863. 

MAYOR : 

MiLo Smith. 

ALDERMEN : 

Richard Henderson, John Mitchell, W. L. Dugger, John S. Brewer, 
David P. Swick, J. R. Allison, Daniel Kaylor, J. R. Taylor. 

The occupation of the city by the Federal Army in September, 1868, inter- 
rupted the civil government until October, 1865, when the following Board was 







14 


CHATTANOOGA. 


elected, and civil jiovernmeut 


re-instated : 




1865. 




MAYOR : 


R 


icHARD Henderson. 




ALDERMEN^: 


A. Bohr, A. Kesterson, 
; W. CrutchHeld, T. R. Stanley 


J. Mann, J. DeBeck, 
Jacob Kunz, D. Hogan. 




1866. 




MAYOR : 




Chas. E. Lewis. 




ALDERMEN : 


A. Bohr, A. Kesterson, Wm. Franklin, W. L. Dugger, 
Wm. Crutehfield, H. N. Snyder, J. Kunz, Dan. Hogan. ' " 




1867. 




MAYOR : 




L). C. Carr. 




aldermen: 


Xen. Wheeler, E. S. Richards 
John W. James, J. B. Spitzer, 


T. G. Montague, A. Handman, 
D. B. Carlin, C. C. Seigfried. 




1868. 




MAYOR : 




D. C. Carr. 




Aldermen : 


James Pearson, Wm. Wylde, 
T. J. Carlile, John Maloney, 


p. Karstein, A. H. Green, 
P. McGuire, C. P. Letcher. 


I 


1869. 




mayor; 




A. G. Sharpe. 




aldermen : 


Wm. Wylde, D. C. Trewhitt, 
R. L. Bowdre, Wm. Miller, 


T. K. Wornacut, W. L. Dugger, 
Miles Shields, Andy Warren. 




1870. 




mayor : 




W. P. Rathkukn. 




aldermen: 


T. J. Lattner, Moses Wells, 
Wm. Miller, D. T. Clippinger, 


D. M. Key, E. M. Wight, 

[J. F. Loomis, vice Key resigned. 

Thos. Webster, Fred F. Weihl. 




1871. 




mayor: 




W. P. Rathburn. 



CHATTANOOGA. 16 



BOARDS OF M. & A. (Continued.) 

ALDERMEN : 

J.J. Bryun, George Sewell, (cold.) J. H. VanDeman, J. F. Loomis, 
Harrj' Brazier, Hugh Mulligan, Thos. Daily, David Medlow. 

1872. 

MAYOR : 

John T. Wilder. 

ALDERMEN ; 

Moses Wells, J. J. Bryan, Willard Abbott, C. H. Mills, 

T. J. Carlisle, E. P.McCrocklin, Thos. Daily, A. C. Burns, 

H. Wilcox, John B. Weaver. 
[Charter amended, and 5th Ward added to the city.] 

1873. 

MAYOR. 

E. M. Wight. 

ALDERMEN : 

J. M. DeLong, Theo. Richmond, Jos. Richards, John G. Eawlings, 

T. J. Carlisle, Clem Shaw, H. Hulse, Rob't Marsh, (col'd.) 

I. D. Allen, John Evans. 

1874 

MAYOR, 

P.D. Sims, 
aldermen; 
A. J. Gahagan, S. A. Key, W. Abbott, Jno. P. l^ong, 

H.C.Evans, W. 0. Peeples, Parks Foster, Rob't Marsh, (col'd.,) 

R. G. Jones, W. H. McDevitt. 

1875. 

mayor: 
John W. James, 
aldermen : 
A. J. Gahagan, Adolph Tschopik, V. A. Gaskill, J. C. Vance, 
T.J. Carlisle, H. A. McQuade, D. A. Friedman, Rob't Marsh, 

G. E. Drumbar, B. D. Reeves. 

PRESENT CITY GOVERNMENT : 

MAYOR : 

ToMLiNsoN Fort. 
Harry Wilcox, Recorder, R. G. Jones, Auditor, 

G. A. Wood, City Attorney, J. H. Ragsdale, Tax Collector, 

D. C. McMiLLiN, Treasurer, J. J. Lowry, Marshal, 

G. A. Catron, Market Master, Oswald Dietz, City Engineer, 

J. H. VanDeman, M. D., Registrar Vital Statistics. 

ALDERMEN : 

A. J. Gahagan, C. E. Stanley, A. R. Thomas, J. W. F. Monning, 

P. R. Albert, T. J. Carlisle, H. M. Wiltse, D. Medlow, (cold'.) 

J. R. Harris, A. Tepenpaw, 



16 CHATTANOOGA. 



CHARTER OF THR CITY OF CHATTANOOGA. 

Section i . Be it enacted by tite General Assembly of the State 
of Tennessee : That the inhabitants of the City of Chattanooga, in 
the county of Hamilton, are hereby con.stituted a corporation and 
body politic, by the name and style of the Mayor and Aldermen 
of the City of Chattanooga, and by the same, shall have succes- 
sion for ninety-nine years, may sue and be sued, plead and be 
pleaded in all the courts of law and equity and in all actions 
whatsoever. May purchase, receive and hold property real and 
personal within said city, and may sell, lease or dispose of the 
same for the benefit of said city, and may purchase, receive and 
hold property real and personal within said city, and may sell, 
lease or dispose of the same for the benefit of said city, and may 
purchase, receive and hold property real and personal beyond the 
limits of the city, to be used for the burial of the dead, for the 
erection of water works, for the establishment of a hospital, poor 
house, work house, or house of correction, and may sell, lease or 
dispose of said property for the benefit of the city, and do all 
other acts touching the same as natural persons, and shall have a 
common seal and change it at pleasure. 

Sec 2. The boundary of the city shall be as follows: Be- 
ginning at a point on the Tennessee river where the north line of 
the southeast fractional quarter of fractional section twenty-one, 
in the second fractional township west of the basis line in the 
Ocoee District strikes the said river, thence south 70° east to the 
northeast corner of said quarter section ; thence south 20° west 
to the township line dividing the second and third townships; 
thence north 70° west along said township line to the middle of 
said river ; thence up the middle of said river to a point oppo- 
site the beginning ; thence in a direct line to the beginning. 

Sec. 3. Be it further enacted. That the act passed February 
1 2th, 1869, entitled an act to "incorporate the Raknghand Mineral 
Spring Hotel Company" be and the same is hereby amended so 
as to change the line of the corporate limits of the city of Chat- 
tanooga, Tennessee ; commencing at a point in the center of the 
Tennessee river opposite the corner of the Lendsey and George 
Gardenhire tracts of land, on the south bank of said river and 
running with said line between said lands to a point where it 
strikes the citizens cemetery, thence along the line of said ceme- 
tery on the side next to the river to the Jewish cemetery ; thence 
in the same direction in a straight line to the "right of way" of 
the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad Company ; thence 
in a northeast direction along the north side of .said "right of way" 
to the present line of said incorporation. 



CHATTANOOGA. 17 



Sec. 4. There shall be a Board of Mayor and Aldermen to 
consist of two rnembers from each ward, chosen by the qualilied 
voters of each ward respectively, for one year. No person shall 
be an Alderman unless he be a citizen of the State of Tennessee, 
and a bona fide resident and freeholder in the ward for which he 
is elected at the time of his election. Any Alderman after his 
election, removing" from or ceasing to be a freeholder in his ward, 
shall thereby vacate his said office. Each Alderman shall, be- 
fore entering upon the duties of his office, take an oath, that he 
will faithfull)' demean himself in said office. All vacancies in the 
Board of Aldermen shall be filled by the vote of a majority of 
the remaining members. 

Sec. 5. The Mayor shall be elected by the qualified voters of 
the city, and shall hold his office for one year, and until his suc- 
cessor shall be elected and qualified. No person shall be elected 
Mayor who is not at the time of his election, a citizen of the 
State of Tennessee, and a bona fide resident and freeholder of 
said city. When two or more persons shall have an equal num- 
ber of votes for the office of Mayor, the election shall be decided 
by a majority of the votes of the Council elect. A vacancy in 
the office of Mayor shall be filled in the same manner. The 
Mayor may fill all vacancies occurring in any office except that 
'of Alderman, until the same be filled by an election. 

It shall be the duty of the Mayor to preside at all meetings of 
the Council; to take care that all the ordinances of the city are 
duly enforced, respected and observed, within the city ; to take 
an oath of office before he enters upon the duties of the s^me ; 
and to call special sessions of the Board. 

Sec. 6. The Mayor and Aldermen shall appoint a Recorder 
and define his duties, and shall have full power and authority to 
appoint all officers, servants and agents of the corporation to fill 
such offices as they may deem necessary to create by ordinance, 
and shall fix the compensation of such officers; They shall have 
power (a majority of the whole Board concurring) to dismiss any 
officer, servants or agent by them appointed. 

Sec. 7. Be it furlher enacted, The Board of Mayor and Alder- 
men of said city may at any time lay off new wards and adjust or 
change existing ones, always giving at least twenty days' notice 
of such change before any annual election for Aldermen. 

Sec. 8. An annual election for Mayor and Aldermen shall be 
held in each ward of said city by the Judges of Election appoint- 
ed by the existing Board of Mayor and Aldermen of said city ; 
Provided, that the first election after the passage of this act shall 
be held by the Sheriff of Hamilton county, on the third Thurs- 



18 CHATTANOOGA. 



day in November. 

The voters shall vote by ballot, and only in the wards in which 
they may reside. Non-resident freeholders may vote in the ward 
where their freehold is situated, and not elsewhere. 

These Judges of Election, being freeholders in their respective 
wards, shall be appointed by the Mayor and Aldermen for each 
ward, who shall take an oath to faithfully and impartially dis- 
charge their duties, naming also the places where such election 
shall be held. They shall open the polls at nine o'clock in the 
forenoon, and close them at four o'clock in the afternoon ; when 
they shall forthwith proceed to ascertain, and certify to the exist- 
ing Mayor, the result of said election. All persons owning a 
freehold in said city, and all persons resident therein who would 
be qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, shall 
be qualified to vote at such election. 

In all cases of a tie in the election of an Alderman, the elec- 
tion shall be referred back by the Mayor to the voters of the 
ward. 

The Mayor and Aldermen elect shall meet on the first Mon- 
day after the third Thursday in November, in each year, and be 
qualified and enter upon the discharge of their duties ; two-thirds 
of the whole number of Aldermen elect being a quorum compe- 
tent to transact business. 

Sec. 9. The Mayor and Aldermen shall have power by ordi- 
nance within the city : 

1st. To levy and collect taxes upon all property taxable by 
law for State purposes. 

2d. To levy and collect taxes upon all privileges and polls tax- 
able by the laws of the State. 

3d. To appropriate money and provide for the payment of all 
debts and expenses of the city. 

4th. To make regulations to prevent the introduction of con- 
tagious diseases in the city ; to make quarantine laws for the 
purpose, and enforce the same within the corporate limits of the 
city. 

5th. To establish Hospitals, and make regulations for the gov- 
ernment thereof. 

6th. To establish a system of free and other schools, and to 
regulate the same. 

7th. To make regulations to secure the general health of the 
inhabitants, and to prevent and remove nuisances. 

8th. To provide the city with water by water-works, or other- 
wise, within or beyond the boundaries of the city. 

9th. To open, alter, abolish, widen, extend, establish, grade, 



CHATTANOOGA. 19 



pave, or otherwise improve, clean and keep in repair streets, alleys 
and sidewalks, or to have the same done. 

loth. To erect, establish and keep in repair bridges, culverts, 
sewers and gutters. 

I ith. To provide for lighting the streets and public buildings. 

1 2th. To establish, support and regulate watchmen by day and 
by night. 

13th. To erect Market-houses, establish markets, and regulate 
the same. 

14th. To provide for the erection of all buildings necessary for 
the use of the city. 

15th. To provide for enclosing, improving and regulating all 
public grounds belonging to the city, in or out of the corporate 
limits. 

i6th. To erect and repair public wharves and regulate all 
wharves, docks and buildings, and to fi.x the rate of wharfage 
thereat, and to regulate ferries so as not to conflict with the laws 
of Tennessee. 

17th. To restrain and prohibit gaming. 

18. To license, tax and regulate auctioneers, grocers, mer- 
chants, retailers, taverns, brokers, bank agenies, coffee-houses, 
confectioneries, retailers of liquors, hawkers, peddlers, ten-pin 
alleys, billiard table and Hvery-stable keepers. 

19th. To license, tax and regulate hackney carriages, omni- 
buses, wagons and drays, and fix the rate to be charged for the 
carriage of persons and property within the city and to the pub- 
lic works without the limits of the city. 

20th. To license and regulate porters and fix the rate of por- 
terage. 

2 1 St. To license, tax and regulate theatricals, and other exhi- 
bitions, shows and amusements. 

22d. To prevent and suppress all disorderly houses and bawdy 
houses. 

23d. To provide for the prevention and extinguishment of fire 
to organize and establish fire companies ; to regulate, restrain and 
prohibit the erection of wooden buildings in any part of the 
city ; to regulate and prevent the carrying on of manufactories 
dangerous in causing or producing fires. 



2(1 CHATTANOOGA. 



24th. To regulate the storage of gun-powder, tar pitch, rosin, 
saltpeter, gun cotton, and all other combustible materials, and 
the use of lights, candles and scove-pipc.-. in stables, shops and 
other places. 

25th. To establish standard weights and measures and regu- 
late the weights and measures to be used in the city, in all cases 
not otherwise provided for by law. 

26th. To provide and establish necessar\' mspectors for the 
city. 

27th. To regulate the police of the city ; to impose fines, for- 
feitures and penalties for the breach of any ordinance, and to pro- 
vide for their recovery and appropriation ; to appoint an officer, 
or officers, for the city, being a Justice of the Peace, or Recorder, 
before whom such recovery may be had — not, however, to in- 
clude the jurisdiction of other ju.stices of the Peace in .said city. 

28th. To provide for the arre.st and confinement until trial of 
all rioters and disorderly persons within the city by day or by 
night ; to authorize the arrest and detention of all suspicious per- 
sons found violating any ordinance of the city. 

29th. To prevent and punish by pecuniary penalties all breach- 
es of the peace, noise, disturbances. Sabbath breaking, or disor- 
derly assemblies in any street, house, or place, in the city, by day 
or by night. 

30th. To remove all obstructions from the sidewalks, and to 
provide for the construction and repair of all sidewalks, and for 
the clearing of the same, at the expense of the owners of the 
ground fronting thereto or otherwise. 

31st. To pass all ordinances not contrary to the Constitution 
and laws of the State that may be necessary to carry out the full 
intent and meaning of this act, and to accomplish the object of 
their incorporation. 

Sec. 10. When lands and town lots have been assessed for 
city taxes and they remain due and unpaid, and the owners have 
no goods and chattels within the city, from which distraint can 
be made, the same may be reported to the Law Court of Chatta- 
nooga, for condemnation and sale by the city tax collector, who 
is hereby invested with the same authority in the premises, that 
the State and County tax collectors have in the collection of the 
State and county taxes. 

Sec. 1 1. The Recorder of the city of Chattanooga be, and he is 
hereby invested with concurrent jurisdiction with Justices of the 
Peace in all cases of violation of the criminal laws of the State, 
or of the ordinances of the Mayor and Aldermen of the city of 
Chattanooga, within the limits of said city. 



CHATTANOOGA. 21 



Sec. 12. That tho Mayor and Aldermen of the city of Chattanooga shall have 
power to erect a work-hou.se and lock-up, or calaboose, for the .safe keeping of 
all persons; and when any persons convicted of a violation of any ordinance of 
said corporatioji and refuses t •> pay or secure to be paid, the tin^ and cost ac- 
cruing thereon, the Mayor and Aldermen may provide by ordinance for their 
confinement in said lock-up or work-house, and put them to work for the city, 
either within an enclosure or on the streets, and other public works for the 
city, under proper guard, at such wages as the Board may adopt by ordinance, 
until such fine and costs are paid. 

Sec. 13. That the territory included in the lioundary of the city of Chatta- 
nooga as defined in the second section of this act, shall be, and constitute a 
civil district of Hamilton county, and shall be entitled to elect three Justices 
of the Peace. 

Sec. 14. That the city Marshal and regularly constituted watchmen of said 
city shall have power to execute State warrants, and other process, which 
constable,- generally have power to execute within the limits of the corpora- 
tion. 

Sec. 1.'). That the corporation of Chattanooga shall have full power to bor- 
row money on its bonds, for any object that its authorities inay determine to 
be important to the promotion of its welfare, and that is not made im- 
proper by existing law. "Pt'Oyided, that thesum borrowed, under the pro- 
visions of this .section shall not exceed the sum of fifty thousand dollars 
without being specially authorized so to do by a majority of the qualified 
voters of said city, expressed by an election to be held for that purpose; and, 
'Proyi (led further , that said bonds shall not bear a higher interest than 
six per cent, per annum, and that nothing herein contained shall be con- 
strued as conferring on said corporation a power to issue paper that shall cir- 
culate as money. 

Sec. 16. All ordinances and regulations heretofore enacted V>y the Mayor 
and Aldermen of the city of Chattanooga, and not rescinded by them, shall 
be, and remain in full force until altered, modified, or repealed under this 
act. 

Sec. 17. That the City Marshal shall be elected by the qualified voters of 
the city of Chattanooga at the same time the Board of Mayor and Alder- 
men are elected ; and that he shall be voted for in each Ward as the Mayor 
is voted for; and he shall give such bond and secui-ities for the performance 
of his duties as the Board of Mayor and Aldermen maj' require. 

Sec. l!-i. That all ^cts and parts of acts contrary to, and inconsistent with 
the provisions of this act be, and the same are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 19. That this act shall take effect from and after its passage. 

W. 0'. N. PERKINS, 
■Speaker House Representatives. 
D. B. THOMAS, 
Passed November lOth, 1S70. Speaker of the Senate. 



22 CHATTANOOGA. 



THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

Of all the institutions which we boast, none should be encour- 
aged and fostered more than the Fire Department of a city. Al- 
though but of recent inauguration, the Fire Department of this 
city has made rapid strides toward efficiency, and have done a 
large amount of good for the community. No set of men should 
be more highly rewarded by the people than firemen. They 
risk their lives, they injure health, at times, leave their houses at 
the dead hour of midnight to answer the summons of the fire bell. 
To them we are indebted for the preservation, partially at least, 
of our houses and frequently our lives. When the few citizens 
who met together one night after the disastrous fire of '70, with 
ToMLiNSON Fort as chairman, determined to organize a fire de- 
partment, against fearful odds and with no funds, they found a 
ready spirit of the people to assist. But by degrees the interest 
began to lag, and those who had undertaken it had to contend 
against this. To-day they have the entire thanks of the people 
for what they have accomplished. It is to be hoped the city will 
not fail to give due considerations to this most important organ- 
ization. 

The following is interesting as showing the organization and 
progress and the work done by the fire department in this city : 
Organized in February, 1871 — No record of fires kept until 1873. 

In 1873, there were 6 fires Total losses $ 7,384 Insurance $ 4,084 

In 1874, " " 18 " " " 5,730 " 1,510 

In 1875, " '■ 20 " " " 52,545 " 33,900 

In 1876, " " 18 " " " 12,920 " 11,855 



From Jan. 1 to June 1, '76.] — 

TOTAL 62 $78,579 $51,349 

FIRE APPARATUS. 

1 Steamer, 2d class. .„ $ 5,000 

2 Hose Reels 400 

1 Hook and i^adder Truck 850 

900 feet Hose 450 

TOTAL VALUE PROPERTY $ 6,700 

\ 
OFFICERS, MBN, KTC. 

Chief Engineer — Harry Wilcox ; Assistants, Harry McQuade, Wm. Fried- 
man. Foremen — Wm. Horan, Thos. Wilcox, Frank Delay, Joe Hutson. 
Foreman Hook and Ladder Co. (col'd.) — Charley Walker. 

No men in Steam Fire Co., including officers ••••• 20 

No men in each Hose Co., 20 " " 40 

No men in Hook & L Co. " " 36 

96 



TOTAL MEN. 



CHATTANOOGA. 23 



THE ROLLING MILL FIRE COMPANY. 

1 Hose Carriage. 500 ft. 3-ply Hose at Engine House, and 500 ft. in the 
Mill. Two Fire Engines, (stationery) on either side of the Mill, under one of 
which is a boiler, to be used in case of emergency. Reservoir 200 feet high 
from which plugs in Mill will be supplied, obviating the use of the engines. 

It maj' be proper to state here that this is a very efficient fire department, 
and although organized among the employees, is yet subject to the City Fire 
Department, when on duty. 

We should like to mention in this connection sonoe instances, 
in which our Fire Department distinguished itself; but owing to 
limited space must forego the otherwise pleasurable duty, except 
to speak of the burning of the Lookout Flouring Mills, in 1875. 
At this time the water was all over the fire plugs, and yet the 
firemen worked manfully with the apparatus in the vain endeavor 
to save the property. This instance alone speaks volumes for 
the Fire Department of Chattanooga. 

REAL ESTATE AND RENTS. 

Within the limits of the city, and on the suburbs, are hundreds 
of delightful sites for residences and manufactories. Railroads 
enter it on all sides, thus giving to manufactories the benefit of 
switches from their works to the main lines. Along the river 
front, extending considerably over a mile around the city, are very 
fine sites for other enterprizes than those now occupied by the 
rolling mills, saw mills, blast furnaces, tanneries, &c. While to 
the southeast of the city are several creeks with water power 
suitable for numerous enterprizes. 

Rents are comparatively low for residences and business 
houses — the days of fancy prices having gone with the tempo- 
rary excitement which produced them during the scarcity of 
houses, in Chattanooga, some few years since. True, there are 
some instances of individual fogyism in which we see unreason- 
able prices demanded for eligible sites. They are few, however. 

Ordinary dwellings of five or six rooms are $S to ;^I5. A 
very good dwelling, with all modern improvements, large and 
comfortable, may be had for ;^20 to $2$. But it must be noted 
here that there are few houses in the city to rent — consequently 
an investment in this way would pay handsomely. 

Good store rooms may be had at from $400 to $600 ; 
while larger and better rooms command from $800 to ^1,200 per 
annum. Of store-houses, also, there are not enough — another 
good investment. I 



2-1 CHATTANOOGA. 



LOCATION. 

Chattanooga is situated in latitude 35^^ 4.', longitude 85:20 
west of Greenwich. It is built partly on a level plain on the 
south boundary of the city ; while on the east and West are hills 
on either side, between which lies the principal business part of 
the city. The Tennessee river is the northern boundary. On 
the cast, extending in a southwesterly direction, about 2}-2 miles 
from the city, is the "Missionary Ridge," at an elevation of some 
700 feet. A rich valley of 3 miles width divides this ridge from 
Lokoout Mountain. On the southwest side of the river is the 
Raccoon Mountain and as a continuation of this Walden's Ridge, 
on the northwest side of the river. 

For fruit growing and the raising of esculents, the^e hills and 
mountains are unsurpassed. The grape is grown with wonder- 
ful success. (A subsequent chapter is devoted to a comprehen- 
sie treatise on grape culture.) Apples (the fmest quality) and 
peaches (good yield) pears, etc. are raised to fine advantage. 
This branch of industrial pursuits is very much neglected. The 
land for fruit growing can be bought for $i to $5 per acre, with- 
in from 2 to 5 miles from the city. 

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 

Lying in the center of the basin made by the Tennessee Val- 
ley on the north, flanked on the west by Walden's Ridge ; the 
great Valley of East Tennessee on the ea.st -J Chicamauga and 
Chattanooga Valleys on the south ; and Lookout Valley on the 
west ; while the Sequachee Valley is on the northwest, tending 
to and drawing from the great stock state, Kentucky — all pour- 
ing supplies into her capacious lap, Chattanooga offers superior 
inducements as a grand Entrepot and reshipping point. 

CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE. 

The situation of Chattanooga geographically renders the cli- 
mate of a very equable and moderate temperature. No great 
extremes of heat or cold distress, nor are very sudden changes 
experienced. True, there are changes as in every climate. The 
thermometer ranges between 28° and 94°, seldom reaching either 
extreme. Snows very seldom occur, and they not over the 
depth of a few inches. In the summer months, no matter how 
warm throughout the day, in the evening a gentle breeze springs 
up to soothe the wooer of "Nature's sweet restorer, sleep." Sit- 
uated in a sort of basin, hemmed in on all sides by mountains 
and hills, such a thing as a hurricane or storm is unknown in 
Chattanooga. The air on these ridges is pure and invigorating, 



CHATTANOOGA. 



water plentiful and grazing fine. In another part of this book 
will be found a treatise on the Table Lands, by an eminent phy- 
sician of this city, which is apropos to this subject. 

MORTUARY STATISTICS. 

The healthfulness of Chattanooga may be safely put down as 
good. The elevation of the place, the surrounding hills, and 
the rapid streams coursing through and around it ; together 
with the natural drainage, which requires but little work on the 
streets to cause the dirt and rubbish accumulating to be carried 
off to the river, makes Chattanooga a very healthy place. With- 
out going into details, the following figures from the official re- 
ports of Dr. J. H. Vandeman, Registrar of Vital Statistics of the 
city, speak for themselves. The report is for the year ending 
August, 1875, and includes all who have died in the city, whether 
non-residents or residents. 

First ward — white 21, colored 26; second ward — white 22, 
colored 20: third ward — white 27, colored 32; fourth ward — 
white 34, colored 29 ; fifth ward — white 20, colored 25 ; from 
country — white 7, colored I ; total in city— white 126, colored 
143 = 269. The population of the city is 11,000 — of which 
6,500 are white, 4,500 colored. The percentage of deaths would 
be, therefore, 19.3 white, 31.8 colored. 

The City Hospital is located in the ist ward, and there were 
white 2, colored 9, deaths in this institution, included in the 
above report. 

The remarkably pure air on the elevations of the city is very 
favorable to the healthfulness of residents. In the summer it is 
hardly ever necessary for even invalids to leave the city, so 
pleasant is it. And if it becomes necessary in some instances, 
they have within easy reach mountains, ridges and hills on every 
hand — principal of which is Lookout Mountain and Walden's 
Ridge. 

RIVER TRANSPORTATION — TENNESSEE RIVER TRADE 
AND IMPROVEMENTS. 

The Tenessee River from its longest conHuent to the mouth of the Ohio, at 
Paducah, Ky., is 1100 miles in length. This is the largest tributarj^ of the 
Ohio, and so far as volume of water and length are concerned, says Killebrew's 
Resources of Tennessee, it is as much entitled to be called the main stream as 
the Ohio. It is, in many respects, a remarkable stream. It drains an area of 
41,000 square miles. Its fall within that distance is 2,000 feet, and its average 
width 1,500 feet. Rising in the south-west portion of Virginia, and bearing 
the name of Holston until its union with the Clinch, near Kingston, in Roane 
county, it sweeps down the Valley of East Tennessee in a rapid current until 



26 CHATTANOOGA. 



it passes Chattanoojra, a sluirt distance below which it breaks through Wal- 
den's Ridge in tumultuous whirls, bj' a series of bends, into the Sequachie 
vallej', where the current grows less turbulent, flowing quietlj' down this valley 
tor a distance of sixty miles, and at (iruntersville, Alabama, takes a direction 
nearly west by north. Between Lawrence and Lauderdale counties, in Ala- 
bama, 389 miles below Knoxville, it spreads in a broad, shallow expansio'^ 
called Muscle Shoals, flowing over Hint and limestone rocks for twenty miles, 
forming an almost insurmountable barrier to navigation, yet affording the 
very finest water privileges. On the Mississippi line, at Chickasaw, it turns 
north-west, and forms the boundar}' line between Alabama and Mississippi ; 
and after a circuit of 800 miles in Alabama, re-enters Tennessee, flowing 
north, and emptying into the Ohio River at Paducah, Ky., SOO miles from the 
union of the Clinch and Holston rivers. 

Regarding the Holston as the Tennessee, its principal tributaries from the 
north are the Clinch, Sequatchie, Paint Rock, Flint. Elk and Duck rivers, and 
Shoal and other creeks : from the south the Watauga, French Broad, Little 
Tennessee, and Hiwassee, and Big Sandy from the west. Many of these tribu- 
taries, especially the Clinch, French Broad and Hiwassee, are navigable for 
considerable distances, and during the spring freshets, large quantities of pro- 
duce are transported down these streams on flat and keel l^oats to Chattanooga. 
IMPROVEMKNTS BY GOVERNMl-.NT. 

As early as 1828, the Board of Internal Improvement was directed by an act 
of Congress, to make an examination of the Muscle Shoals, with a view to 
opening them to navigation. After a lapse of forty-five years, but little hav- 
ing been done in the inception of the scheme, it is proposed by Government 
to finish up the work so auspiciously begun and abruptly abandoned, by put- 
ting the old canal in good condition, constructing canals, etc. 

The following items taken from the Resources of Tennessee, and such other 
information as we have at our hands from various other sources, will give a 
very fail' idea of wliat has been done, and the work in hand, etc.. etc : 

APPROPRIATIONS KY COtJORKSS: 

.\ mount for river above Muscle Shoals $18it,000 

" at Muscle Shoals ."lO.OOO 

" below Mu.scle Shoals 80,000 

;U0,O0(t 
(Congress ai.pn.priated in Mar.li, ^^l'>. (H. R. 474(11 200,000 

Total *5tO,O00 

.\u appropriation of $?.00,000 more has been made, awaiting only tlie approv 

a.l of the President to become a law: thus making the total appropriations, 

for imiirovement of the Tennessee River, .'j^HlO-OOO. 

The followinn; are the necessary improvements, with cost, at the three 

points named, as estimated by Maj. .McFarland, in 187:-;: 

EliK RIVRR SHOAL.S: 

Total necessary improvements $740,000 



CHATTANOOGA. 27 



Aount lirought forward - $ 740 000 

BIG MUSCLE SHOALS. 

Total necessary improvements 630,000 

LITTLE MUSCLE SHOALS. 

Fotal iiecessMry improvements f)f)5,000 

1,935,000 
Contingencies, to provide against leakage, accidents, 
construction of ooffer-dams, etc, 10 per cent 193,500 

Aggregate cost $2,128,500 

It is estimated that the entire cost of River Improvement will be, according 
to the plans adopted, from three to four million dollars. On the upper im- 
provements tvro are complete — those at White's Creek and at the head of Half 
Moon Island. 

Immediately below Chattanooga are a series of shoals known 
as the mountain obstructions, and by the names of Ross Tow- 
head, Tumbling- Shoals, Suck, Pot, Skillet, and several others. 
The most formidable was the Suck. A large amount of work 
has been done at that place. As this mountain portion of the 
river will not be used to any extent for commercial purposes un- 
til the lower river is open to navigation, no immediate importance 
is attached to the improvement of these mountain obstructions. 
The policy of the United States engineer officers in charge of 
this improvement, is to do work which w^ill benefit commerce im- 
mediately, and as the appropriations of Congress become more 
liberal, a general improvement of the river will be undertaken. 

THE TENNESSEE KIVER TRADE. 
It is impossible to arrive at anything like an exact estimate of tbis import- 
ant branch of our trade ; but taking the shipments made by our dealers, the 
following figures show the business for the year past, as to articles mentioned: 

Corn, bushels 1,200,000 | Value $ 720,000. 

Oats, bushels 50,000 | 25,000 

Wheat, bushels 100,000 | 100,000 

Bacon and Lard, pounds.. 1,500,000 | 121,000 

Hay, pounds 900,000 11,250 

Flour, barrels 1,500 j 10,500 

Pig Iron, tons 50,000 | 

Saw Logs, 10,000 I 20,000 

Butter, Eggs, Dried Fruit, &c., estimated at about the 

value of above, making a grand total of $3,815,500. 

Six steamboats ply annually in the up river trade, as far up as Knoxville, 
confining their business, however, mostly to points between that place and 
Chattanooga. Some two hundred flat-boats annually come out of the E'rench 
Broad, Clinch, Hiwassee, and other tributaries of the Tennessee, landing at 
our wharf Potatoes, Cabbages, Apples, Cider, Maple Sugar, &c., &c. When 
the obstructions to navigation are removed at points above, the trade will ma- 
terially increase. The lower River trade is rather limited ; but the removal of 
obstructions by Grovernment will open up navigation to the great Mississippi 
Valley. 



28 



CHATTANOOGA. 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS— OUR PUBLIC SCHOOL SYS- 
TEM. 

Among the many mattcns of great importance to our commu- 
nity, none .should be fostered more than the Educational Institu- 
tions. Given good schools, fmc attendance and the right sort of 
instruction and you will have a progressive, moral and thrifty 
people. It is to the schools we look for the training of the 
young in all the manh^ arts and moral ways. No matter whether 
religion is taught there ; no matter if the much-abused Bible is ex- 
cluded from the school room, there is yet a moral air pervading 
it, which developes itself into good men and women, when the 
education has been only sufficient to lift the boy and girl from 
comparative ignorance and darkness into the light of an educated 
day. 

The efforts made by a few interested men and women of this 
community to establish and foster the building up of schools 
here, is meeting with a success which can not be lightly meas- 
ured. We .speak more particularly of our Public Schools, of 
which we shall give some data on another page. But the private 
enterprises are entitled to some degree of praise. It is no easy 
matter to sustain a school in the face of those grand institutions 
of instruction, Public Schools. This has been done, however, so 
far, whatever may be the promise of the future. Of those we 
speak in another place. 

PUBLIC. SCHOOLS OF CH.'^TTANOOG.^. 

ORDINANCE PASSED BY COUNCIL OF CITY OF CHAT- 
TANOOGA, JULY, 1872. 

Be it Ordained by the Board of Mayor and Aldermen of the City 
of Chattanooga : 

Lst. Thiit there .shall be a Board of Com inissiotiers of Public Schools, to 
consist oi two members from each Ward, who shall hold their office for two 
years and until their successors are duly elected and qualified. 

2d. The election for the Commissioners of Public Schools shall be held at 
the first regular meeting of the Board of Mayor and Aldermen In December of 
each year, or as soon thereafter as the Board may decide, at which election 
one Commissioner shall be elected for each Ward, to hold his office for two 
years. 'Provided, that the first election for Commissioner.s of Public Schools 
shall be held at the second regular meeting after the passage of this Ordi- 
nance, or as soon thereafter as the Board may decide, at which time two Com' 
missioners shall be elected from each Ward, one to serve until the first regular 
annual election for Commissioners succeeding thereto. 

Hd. It shall be the duty of the Commissioners of Public Schools to have 



CHATTANOOGA 29 



charge of all the school property of the city, to establish Public Schools, to reg- 
ulate and provide for the same. 

tth. It shall be the duty of the Commissioners of Public Schools, on or be- 
fore the first of May in each year, to jjrepare and present to the Board of 
Mayor and Aldermen a full estimate of the appropriations that may be needed 
for the succeeding sdiool year, stating in detail — first, the estimate for the pur- 
chase of grounds and for the building of school houses; second, the estimates 
for the maintainance and support of Public Schools. It shall also be their 
duty, at the close of each school year, to prepare and present to the Board of 
Mayor and Aldermen a full exhibit of the receipts and expenditures for the 
year, with a report of any other matter pertaining to the welfare of the schools 
as they may deem of public importance. 

5th. No purchase of property for the use of the Public Schools, or sale of 
any property belomging to the schools shall be made, which in the aggregate 
shall exceed the sum of $2.50, until a report of the same shall be made to the 
Board of Mayor and Aldermen, and ratified by them. 

Under the foregoing Ordinance a Board of School Commis- 
sioners was chosen and the schools organized in January, 1873. 

The first school year embraced five months only, the schools 
closing in June ; but s ubsequently the school year was estab- 
ished to embrace ten months in the year. The first report for the 
year ending July, 1873, showed an enrollment of 1 187, and the 
per cent, of attendance on average enrollment for all the schools 
was 82.82. 

The school census of June, 1875, shows a school population of 
2286. The report for the year ending July, 1875, shows an en- 
rollment in Public Schools of 1674, and the percentage of attend- 
ance on average belonging 92.44. 

The course of study in the Primarj^ and Grammar Departments 
consists of eight grades systematically arranged including the or- 
dinary branches of a practical business education, to which is 
added a High School department embracing in its course of 
.study the higher English and ancient and modern language. 

Thus the avenues are open to every child in the city to obtain 
a thorough business education and also to fit himselffor success- 
ful study in higher institutions, when desirable. 

There are eight school buildings in the city, of which three be- 
long to the city, and the remainder are rented annually for school 
purposes. 

So recent has been the organization of the schools and withal, 
so successful, that the finances have not kept pace with the de- 
mands, but, doubtles.s, funds will soon be forthcoming to build 
.'^uch houses as the present growing school system so much 
needs. 

The School Commissioners are men of enlarged views and cul- 



CHATTANOOGA. 



ture, and being men who have seen the practical benefits of free 
schools when brought to perfection, are laboring to make the 
Public Schools of Chattanooga all that is desirable. It is under- 
stood that an effort will be made next year to build some fine 
school houses, owing to the success of the schools in this city, 
and the almost universal desire of everybody to have them. 
Much credit is due the Commissioners for their untiring efforts, 
and unselfish aid. 

The Superintendent, Professor H. C. Wvatt has labored with 
the schools since their organization, and to his untiring efforts 
in this direction are we indebted for much of their success. It 
can be safely asserted that the public schools of Chattanooga are 
a credit to her. By common consent they are the pride and 
boast of our city. 

An effort will be made next year to build at least one large 
school-house, for the accommodation of the more advanced 
scholars. This is much needed, and would add considerable to 
our free school system, besides being a great accommodation to 
their increasing necessities. There are several very^ fine sites 
around the city that could be had for this purpose, and there is 
no doubt the commissioners will make every effort to secure 
them. Let this good work go on, by all means. It is now in 
capable hands. 

BEHM's CHATTANOOGA COMMERCIAL COLLEGE. 

Tlu.•^ Tn.stitntion has now been in operation for about six months, and altho' 
the growth has not been as rapid as could have been desired, still it is believed 
that when people become educated to their wants and needs in this respect, 
this College will grow to an importance in this citj'. Mr. Behm aims to es- 
tablish a permanent College here, where all who wish can acquire a business 
education, including a thorough practical knowledge of the science of Double 
Entry Book keeping in all its various branches, equal to any similar school in 
the country. The plan of teaching embraces theory with practice. No text 
books are used: students are\*equired to open and close books just as thej' 
would be required to do in the counting-house. No business man should be 
without a knowledge of this important branch of education. Indeed, farmers, 
mechanics, or professional men, all will be equally benefited. Mr. Behm's 
long experience and success in other places, warrants the belief that he will 
become successful here. The school should be sustained. 

MISS shepherd's school. 

Miss Melissa Shepherd has succeeded Rev. H. H. Sneed in the female 
school, adjoining the Baptist Church property on Walnut street. At this in- 
stitution is taught all the rudiments of an English education. Miss Shepherd 
was an assistant of Mr. Sneed, in which capacity she gave satisfaction. She 
is assisted bj' Miss Katie Stewart. Music is also taught in this school. 



CHATTANOOGA. 31 



THE MECHANICAL INTEREST. 

The mechanics of Chattanooga in nearly every instance are 
men of industrious, sober habits, and consequently thrifty. All 
over our fair city may be seen the cottage and elegant mansion, 
homes of these hard-muscled, industrious sons of toil. The ma- 
chinist, the carpenter, painter, mason — all, of every branch of 
mechanism, are represented in the list of names that appear on 
the tax assessor's books. All honor to this class of God's noble- 
men ! 

WAGES OF WORKINGMEN. 

Below may be found an approximate to the prices paid all 
classes of workmen in this city : 

Operatives in Rolling Mills per day $ 1 50 to $5 00 

Founders and Machinists per day 1 50 to 'i 25 

Copper Smiths per day 2 00 to 2 75 

Tin and Sheet-iron Workers per day 2 25 to 4 25 

Blacksmiths, per day 1 50 to 3 00 

Carpenters, per day 1 50 to 3 00 

Cabinet Makers, per day 2 00 to 3 00 

j Painters, per day 2 00 to 3 00 

Tailors, per day 2 00 to 4 00 

Printers, per daj" 1 50 to 2 25 

Stone Masons and Cutters, per day 2 00 to 3 00 

Bricklayers, per day 3 00 to 4 00 

Bootand Shoe Makers, per day 20 to 3 00 

Carriage Makers, per day 2 00 to 3 50 

Laborers, per day 1 00 to 2 00 

Laborers in Blast Furnaces, per day 1 50 to 3 00 

Clerks in Stores and Offices, per day I 00 to 4 00 j 

T)igtillers and Laborers in Distilleries 1 50 to 3 00 

Of course this must be taken as an average — skilled labor gen- 
erally being paid more than unskilled. To say that there is 
room for more workingmen in this city would probably not meet 
the views of some of our mechanics who frequently find it diffi- 
cult to obtain work. This year all industries have suffered from 
the general depression of the country, and mechanics and labor- 
ers have, consequently, not fared so well in this city. 



32 CHATTANOOGA. 



PUBLIC THOROUGHFARES. 

While Chattanooga has never enjoyed (?) Nicholson pavements 
or cobble-stones, yet the Macadamized streets for all practical 
purposes have given satisfaction. The number of streets in the 
city is very large — Chattanooga is a city of magnificent distances. 
A great deal has been expended on these thoroughfares since 
the war, many of them having to be graded to suit the undula- 
ting nature of the location of the city. Of all our streets there 
are but a few in real good condition. Market .street, the princi- 
pal one of the city is in good condition, is lOO feet wide including 
15 foot sidewalks, reaching from the Tennessee river on the 
north to Montgomery Avenue south, a distance of a little over a 
mile. From loth street to the river, Market street presents a 
very fine appearance, with a gradual declination toward the river, 
thus causing a natural drainage. It is admitted by all that this 
street is capable of being made as fine as any thoroughfare of its 
size in the world. Chesnut and Pine streets, and Railroad Av- 
enue, running parallel with Market, and to the river, are all im- 
portant streets. Chestnut in all probability is destined to become 
the main thoroughfare for drawing produce from the river, should 
the Street Railway Company not monopolize the business. Mc- 
Callie Avenue, running east and west of the city, at present the 
main thoroughfare to the Fair grounds, is capable of being made, 
and ought to be, a Boulevard. It is wide, has a very even sur- 
face, and has some of the finest residences in the city on it. The 
third street east of, and parallel with Market street, is Georgia 
Avenue, which has also some beautiful residences situated on it. 
In south Chattanooga, beginning at Montgomer)^ Avenue, is 
Whiteside street, one of the smoothest and straightest thorough- 
fares in the city. It has been graded, graveled and cindered, and 
being the principal thoroughfare to the Mountain is considered 
the proper place of the city for a driv^e. James street, a contina- 
tion of 9th, running west, intersects with Terrace, on the east 
side of Cameron Hill, a good street, with a gradual ascent. Con- 
siderable work is yet to be done on our streets to make them 
what they ought to be, and this will be done as fast as circum- 
stances will permit. 

The sidewalk paving is done with stone quarried in and near 
the city, of a good hard quality, and durable, and with brick 
made hereof good material. The clay hereabouts is well adapted 
to brick-making, and there are some buildings standing yet, 
which are in good condition built forty years ago. The stone, 
however, is the prevailing material for paving, and some of it is 
12 to 18 inches thick — such pavements will last many years. 



CHATTANOOGA. 



HOTELS OF THE OITY. 

Chattanooga is quite well supplied with hotels and boarding- 
houses. She can boast of one of the finest in the South for size — 
the Stanton House. The Read House is the next largest, a de- 
scription of which is given in another place. The Hrst we notice, 
as being the largest and fmest, is 

THE STANTON HOUSE. 

This hotel is centrally located, two squares from the post-otiice and one 
block from the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad depot, and in two blocks 
of the proposed Cincinnati Southern Railway depots. It was erected in 1870, 
by Col. J. C. Stanton, of Boston, at a cost of $200, OIK). It is situated on an 
eminence, commanding a fine vie^v of the surrounding country. The main 
building has a frontage on Market street of 13.5 feet by 40 feet wide, with an 
ell 100x40 feet; it is five stories high, and contains 100 rooms, including offi- 
ces, parlors etc. The basement floor contains billiard rooms, saloons, wash- 
rooms, etc. On the first floor are the ladies' and geutlemens' parlors, sitting 
and reception rooms, the office an>d dining rooms. Ascending to the second 
floor by two pair of wide steps. 6n either side of the office, we find the bed 
chambers, double and single, for families or otherwise as maybe desired. On 
the third and fourth floors are the remainder of the rooms. Every room is 
light and. cheer}", well ventilated, and furnished with all conveniences. Gas, 
water, bath-rooms, closets, etc., on every floor. The rooms are all finished 
in the vevj best of style. Verandas environ the house on three sides, on 
first, second and third floors, from which one may obtain a fine view of the 
surrounding country. The Tennessee River, Lookout Mountain, Mission and 
Walden's Ridge, the Blue Ridges, Cumberland Mountain, are all in full view. 

This hotel is furnished from top to bottom with elegant furniture ; the par- 
lors are models of beautiful elegance, and everj'thing wears an air of easy 
comfort. 

The grounds of 3 acres are laid off into parterres, with wide graveled walks 
shade trees, shrubberj^ and grassy plats on every hand, thus adding much to 
the delights of this hotel. 

No better spot could have been selected for a hotel. No healthier place 
could have been found in the city. The air is pore and invigorating, and at 
all times a pleasant breeze may be felt at this delightful house. 

The next hotel we speak of is 

THE RKAD HOU.SE, 

built in 1870 by some capitalists of this city and Mr. 1. TowKR, of Boston, 
This hotel stands pretty much in the same spot as did the old "Crutchfield 
House." It is a substantial 3-storied brick, 150 feet front, by 100 deep, con- 
taining some fifty rooms, including offices, reading rooms, ladies' and gents' 
parlors, etc. Underneath the hotel proper are handsome storehouses, the ho- 
tel offices, reading-rooms etc. The dining-rooms are on the second floor, as 



84 CHATTANOOGA. 



are also the ladies parlors and ladies chambers. The third floor contains the 
remainder of the chambers. 

This property hai« ever been valuable, owinji to the fact that it is in a stone's 
throw of", and right opposite the old Union Passenj;er Depot. It has been run 
as a hotel by Dr. J. T. Read, sinoe its erection five years ago, and has gained a 
fine reputation. It changes hands the 1st January, 1877, at which time it is to 
be taken by Maj. M. D. Van Horn, 

OF THE VAN HORN HOUSE. 

This elegant little hotel is situated just opposite the Read House, eafet, and 
presents a very handsome appearance. It is a three story brick, 60 feet front, 
100 feet in depth, and is as snug and comfortable a hotel as can be found any. 
where. The rooms are limited, but the table d'hote is not. The proprietor 
is noted for his generous display of edibles, and his knowledge of catering to 
•ilie inner man is not to be surpassed. 

When he gets the Read House, the two will vwn together, in such a way as 
to combine elegant ease and quiet comfort, with meals and lodging separate 
or not, as it is desired. 

THE COMMERCIAl. 

is the old building used since the war as a hotel, just at the U. P. Depot. It 
was the first one erected since the war, and has passed through many scenes 
of prosperit)' and misfortune. It is now in the hands of Mr. J. W. F. Brt.son, 
an old hotel man, and late of the Battle House, Nashville. It has quite a run 
of custom, having retain. J part of its old businf ss. 

THE BUFORD HOUSE 

is a three story brick, tiO by 100 feet, on Market and 5th streets. It is used 
mostly as a boarding house at present. Among the other boarding houses, is 
the Morgan House, Market and 6th streets. Both of these are good places to 
put up at. Tbe Planters' House is also open as a boarding house. 

STREET RAILWAY. 

The Chattanooga Street Railway Company was organized and 
commenced building their lines in the spring of 1875, under the 
old charter granted to the Lookout R. R. Co., some few years 
ago. and which was never assumed. The officers are, A. L. 
Harris, President, and V. A. Gaskill, Secy. The capital stock 
is $25,000, with privilege of increasing it to $500,000. 

In September of 1875 the cars were put on, and to-day there 
is one and a half miles completed, extending the whole length of 
Market street from the river to Montgomery avenue, running 
almost due north and south. They have four passenger cars 
running, and propose increasing with the demands of business. 

The charter also includs freight privileges. The company 
have had four cars built by the Wason Car Co., for this purpose, 
and will put them on in due time for the river trade of the com- 
ing season. They have extended their track to the water's 



CHATTANOOGA. ;55 



edge, at the river, and are putting it in a good condition for 
receiving the grain as it is discharged from the steamers and 
flats. 

The enterprize shown by this company, despite the croakers, 
has resulted in a convenience to our growing city which has 
come none too soon, and which is Uberally patronized. Of 
course the company have not extended their lines in every di- 
rection, as some contend they should, simply because it would 
not pay at present. The road will be built out to the ii'on 
bridge, however, with a fair prospect of being extended to Look- 
out Mountain. This would result in an appreciation of pro- 
perty in that direction, a larger number of visitors to Lookout, 
and investments and building beyond the most sanguine ex- 
pectatio ns of an)' one. But the extenion to the iron bridge 
across the Chattanooga creek, will, in itself, be of incalculable 
benefit to parties living in that direction, as well as inure bene- 
fits to the city. 

THE SUPPLY OF WATER. . 



THE LOOKOUT WATER COMPANY 

Became the purchasers, in 1869, of the fragments of water 
works erected during the war by the Federal army, and were 
chartered the same year. They received about three miles of 
pipe and some half dozen plugs, and found much of this piping 
had been laid across private property which had to be taken up 
and re-laid at heavy cost. The officers of this Company are : 
A. M. Johnson, President, John W. James, Secretary. The prin- 
cipal stockholders are non-residents. The capital stock at this 
time is $50,000, and the bonded debt $65,000. The pipe system 
embraces about twelve miles, with fire-plugs generally distrib- 
uted over the city, though not as extensive as is actually nec- 
essary for the protection of property The reservoir is situated 
on the extreme point of the lower spur of Cameron Hill, 175 feet 
above low water, 130 feet above Market street, and overlooking 
the city and tlie Tennessee River. The capacity of this resevoir 
is 2,000,000 gallons. The grounds of the Company embrace ten 
acres around the reservoir, which have been greatly improved 
with walks and carriage ways, terraces, shade trees, etc. The 
grounds look like a vast carpet of green, over which parties may 
be seen strolling daily. 

PUMPING CAPACITY, &C. 

The pumps have a capacity of about i ,000,000 galons in 24 



■M\ CHATTANOOGA. 



liours. The engine rooms are situated on the top of the bank of 
the Tennessee River, cor. Pine and Water streets, within a few 
hundred yards of the reservoir. The offices of the company are 
situated on Market and loth streets, and were built in 1874. 

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE WITH THE PROPERTY. 

The city should become the owners of the Water Works. This 
has been the decided opinion of many of our most far-seeing citi- 
zens. Now is the time for the city to make some arrangement 
for possessing a property which is increasing in value, and which 
is of so much importance in every respect. The management, 
increase of piping, control of fire plugs, and suppl}-, should belong 
to the city. A few public fountains on one of the principal thor- 
oughfares would be a great blessing, and did the city own the 
Water Works, she could in time afford this comfort to the peo- 
ple who, themselves, would be getting value received for their 
expenditure. 

THE WHARF AND IMPROVEMENTS. 

The wharf frontage on the Tennessee River is looo feet. This 
was formerly the property of V. K. Stevenson and others, and is 
now owned by Capt. A. L. Harris and G.L. Cook. Within the last 
few years it has been rather poorly kept up, and this has conse- 
quently militated again.st the river trade at this point. Now, how 
ever, it is proposed to change these thmgs. The owners are ma- 
ing some improvements which can only be appreciated as the ad- 
vantages become more apparent. The uneven, rugged nature of 
the present wharf, save the improvements now going on, is al- 
most a bar to the successful drawing of grain. 

The depth of the wharf from top of bank to the water's edge, 
at low water mark is some 400 feet. The wagon roads circum- 
venting the hill have been so steep at places as to cause the team- 
sters to have to urge by every means his already overstrained 
team to reach the summit. In bad, rainy weather, it is almost 
impossible to get up the banks. 

The present owners are bringing up these declivities, leveling 
the undue rises, making a gradual, gentle slope. The Street 
Railway Company has a track extending in a diagonal direction 
down the wharf, and then back on the water's edge. On the 
upper side of this tracking, good Macadamized wagon roads, 
with several crossings, are made, making an impro\'ement, as 
regards the drawing of grain with teams, more than a hund- 
red per cent. 

A wharf-boat with capacity for 3000 bushels corn is to be 



CHATTANOOGA. S7 



built, with all conveniences for shippers and buyers. Hers 
the consignor may have his grain stored, until ready to be 
drawn to the depot for shipment. While on the banks, tarpau- 
lins will be provided for covering grain in wet weather. 

The improvements have long been needed, and will be appre- 
ciated, both for the actual conveniences and the decidedly better 
appearance of the wharf The Street Railway Company will have 
about 3 ceo feet track, built of 30 lb. "T" iron fish-bar, imbedded 
in rock, extending down the wharf and to the ware-houses on 
the ri\er. 

We understand that in addition to those already built, Mr. V. 
K. Stevenson, and others, will probably build a fine row of ware- 
houses on the wharf, large, well-constructed and convenient. 
These improvements will tend to revive the river trade, and make 
this a most important branch of our business. The government 
improvements on the river will stimulate the river trade, and tend 
to encourage farmers to increased productions. Speed the day 
of increased business in this direction. 

THE CHARACTER AND SUPPLY OF TIMBER. 

On either side of the Tennessee river, on the bottom lands and 
along the numerous creeks and streams, the timber is very plen- 
tiful, and grows to a large size. The ash, mulberry, poplar, pine 
gum, Cottonwood and sycamore flourish. On the hills and 
ridges can be found the white and red oak, chesnut, blackjack, 
and hickor}', which are the prevailing woods. The number 
of saw logs rafted down the Tennessee river yearly is estimated 
at ten thousand. The prevailing timber for purposes of saw- 
ing is poplar and pine. For purposes of wagon building 
and buggies, agriculture implements, &c., the hickory, oak and 
ash are unsurpassed. When the hickory is well seasoned it be- 
comes susceptible of very high finish, and is as durable as it is 
possible to find anywhere. The walnut supply is not as good as 
it might be; still it is fair. There are some larger maples in the 
county but not to that extent desirable. A hub, spoke and handle 
factory on a large scale would pay handsomely here. Certainly 
there would be no doubt of a good supply of timber. The test 
of these woods is being made every day in our midst. Carriages, 
wagons etc., are being manufactured out of them, which are giv- 
ing entire satisfaction. Chestnut abounds in such quantities on 
Walden's Ridge that thousands of shingles are annually made 
and brought to this market. Ash abounds in all the valleys, and 
is easily worked and finishes well. Long-leaf pine is found at 
the foot of Raccoon Mountain, in Lookout Valley. 



88 CHATTANOOGA. 



COAL. SUPPLY AROUND CHATTANOOGA. 

There is an inexhaustible supply of coal in this vicinity, of dif- 
ferent qualities, and comparatively cheap. The limited capital 
employed in minini^ this valuable mineral, and the want of cheap- 
er transportation facilities, has made it more costly than it should 
be. But the interest manifested, nay, the imperative necessity in 
the development of the coal in this section, has stimulated the 
lagging capital, and with the completion of the Cincinnati South- 
ern Railway, there will be an immense rush to the coal fields. 
We copy in this connection a few extracts from Killebrew's Re- 
sources of Tennessee : 

Coal is found in the greatest abundance in Walden's Ridsre and Raccoon 
Mountain, of excellent qualitj- for heating, manufacturing and smeUing pur- 
poses. There are several strata varying in thickness, those now worked aver 
agi ng aVjout four feet. "Pockets ' and "folds" are freuently presented, swell 
ing out from eight to fifteen feet in thickness. Mines have been opened near 
the base of the mountain range, also about 300 feet from the base, and on the 
top. These coal strata do not present a uniform composition. Analysis of 
the coal at different points in Hamilton and adjoining counties presents differ- 
ent results. These results maj'' be stated as follows : 

Fixed Carbon 64 to 76 

Volatile matter 27 to 18 

Ashes 9 to 6 

Sometimes sulphur is present in the proportion of .25 to .S5, then again it is 
not found at all. 

The veins of coal are generally in a horizontal position, with a slight dip to 
the north-west. The elevation of the beds above the valley makes the drainage 
of the mines very easy. 

The coal banks are two and a half to four miles from the Tennessee River- 
The Cincinnati Southern Railway will run between them and the river. Coal 
has been mined in different places in the county. During the year 1873 about 
240,000 bushels were taken out, seventy men being employed in and about the 
business. This coal yields good illuminating gas, but not so largely as some 
other coals. It cokes very well. The anal.ysis of the coke from the coal of 
Dade countj', Georgia, adjoining this county, shows — 

Carbon 82.800 

Ask or Clinker 16.200 

Sulphur 0.98 

Undetermined 092 

Iron ore extends through the county. It is known as fossiljferous red hema. 
tite or dyestone ore. It is found in the "dyestone" ridges runni ng parallel 
with Walden's ridge, and between the coal veins and the Tennessee river. 
Two of the well known strata of this ore which extend from Virginia into Ala. 
bama, run through this county, one of them crossing the river at Chattanooga. 
These veins lie in different positions, and their thickness varies from two and 



CHATTANOOGA. 39 



one-half feet to five feet. The following is an analyvsis of this ore : 

Silica oM 

Pero.xide of iron 93 21 

Lime 61 

Alumina 27 

Phosphorus 21 

Moisture 17 

Loss 17 

100 
Per cent, of metallic iron — f>5.28. 

The Coal Mines contiguous to Chattanooga are : The yEtna Mines, 13 miles 
from the city, on the N. C. & St. Louis E. R. ; the Vulcan Mines, l(i miles, on 
same Road.; the Shoal Mines, 6 miles northeast of Chattanooga ; Soddy Creek 
Mines, 20 miles above : Sale Creek Mines, 30 miles above; and various other 
Mines of a limited capacity, all contributing more or iess. All of these coals 
have special qualities recommending them — some for welding purposes, others 
for coking, heating. &c. 

COSMOPOLITAN CHARACTER OF CHATTANOOGA, 

It ha.s become a well attested fact that Chattanoo<:ra oivcs a 
welcome to every law-abiding" man, of any nationaltty, creed, or 
political belief, whatsoever. So true is it that we are a people 
of enlarged views that we can point to our churches, societies, 
public offices, and businesses represented by Northern and 
Southern, Democrat and Republican, Jew and Gentile. The 
Common Council is a striking test of this fact: there has not been 
a single Board since the war in which some of these faiths were not 
represented. In matters of distribution of local offices, the lines 
are never closely drawn politically. Very frequently one of an- 
tipodal political faith may be seen voting with his opponent, for 
the purpose of securing better men, and vice versa. In business, 
the question of birth, whether north or south of Mason and Dix- 
on's line, does not enter into consideration, unless, indeed it be 
with a view of uniting the extremes for the purpose of advancing 
their common interests. In social matters, there are but few on 
either side of the house who do not recognize the fact that, no 
matter where born, superiority attaches to not one above the 
other on account of the line. But on the principal that our in- 
terests are common, we join together to advance those interests, 
whether of a social or pecuniary nature. As an instance of the 
desire to bury the animosities of the past, we mention the fact 
that, in all celebrations Northern and Southern may be found side 
vieing each with the other in deling honor to our Government. 
True, there are exceptional cases, as in everything in life — but 
in this place, they are few and far between. 



40 CHATTANOOGA 



nyc^isrTJF^^OTTJi^.iisro iisttei^ests- 



CHATTANOOGA IRON COMPANY. 

The increasing demand for pig iron, of the superior quahty 
made from the ores in this section, and the proximity of the ma- 
terials together with the transportation advantages, made it im- 
peratively necessary for the establishment of these works. In 
1874, the stockholders commenced, and completed in September 
of that year, the Chattanooga Iron Works, investing about ^125- 
000. The capital stock of the com])any is S250.OOO. Their 
works are located on the south bank of the Tennessee River, 
west of the city and in close proximity to the Roane Iron Mills. 
The capacity is 25 tons pig per day of 24 hours. The furnace is 
ne\'er suffered to get cold ; consequently the smoke from their 
towering stacks and chimneys is constantly seen rising to mingle 
with that of many other manufactories is this city. 

The buildings are complete and substantial, and well construct- 
ed. Everything works systematically and like a clock — the em- 
ployees being good workers, and well and regularly paid their 
wages. The officers are men of integrity, business capacity, and 
practical. The}- areas follows: J. N. McLank, President ; J. 
E. Blake, General Manager ; J. A. Austin, Sec'y and Treasurer; 
Edward Doud, Superintendent. This is one of the industries of 
which we may boast. 

CHATTANOOGA GAS LIGHT COMPANY. 

This corporation was orj^anized in ls70, with an aiithorized capital of" 
$200,000, of which amount $107,000 is paid in. The company has six miles 
piping, two substantial brick buildings, with a manufacturing capacity of 
.'SO, 000 feet per diem. The gas is made from Coal Creek nd ^Etna coals, 
and is a very brilliant, pure light. The coal used makes about four cubic 
feet of gas to the pound. The price of the gas when first introduced, was 
$5 per M feet; it is now furnished at l"> net cash. The officers are: .Tames 
A. Caldwell, Pres't. ; Chas. E. James, Sec'y., Treas. nnd Sup't. Pirectors: 
J. A. CaldwHl, W. P. Rathburn, S. A. Key, T. C.Montague, E. F. Revier, 
E. A. James, TT, <^. Evans. The principal stock is owned in this city. 
THE ATUTTTAL GAS LIGHT COMPANY. 

Tn 1H7.'"), this corporation erected in this city Cas Works after the Needles 
patent. At that time, enthusiastic admirers of the cheap and easy plan of 
making this ga-, put time and capital into the work.s, which seemed about 
to become a success. Tn a short while, after having laid pipes and made 
connections in many of our business houses, some misfortune caused a tem- 
porary suspension, which finally resulted in an abandonment of the works. 



CHATTANOOGA. 41 



Roane Iron Company. 

The Roaiie Iron Company was incorporated in the year 1867, with a capital 
of $1,000,000. The officers areas follows: W. P. Rathburn, President; H. 
S. Chamberlain, Vice-President and Manager; H. Clay Evans, Secretary; 
S. B. Strang, Assistant Manager. 

Directors. — W. P. Rathburu, H. S. Chamberlain, Xen. Wheeler, D. M. 
Key, S. M. Winchester, Chattanooga; Dudley Baldwin, M. C. Younglove, 
Cleveland, Ohio ; W. 0. Rockwood, Indianapolis, Indiana; A. R. Forsyth, 
Greensburgh, Indiana ; Abram S. Hewitt, New York. 

General offices at Chattanooga, Tennessee. 

The Roane Iron Company are manufacturers of pig iron, muck bars, rail- 
road iron. They have two blast furnaces for the manufacture of bituminoua 
iron, located at Rockwood, Roane county, Tennessee, 100 miles above Chat- 
tanooga. Stack No. 1 was erected in I8()7, and is 56 feet high, with 14 feet 
bosh, closed top. Stack No. 2 was erected in 18G7, and is 05 feet 'high, with 16 
feet bosh, closed top. 

The total annual capacity is 20,000 tons. 

The Companj' owns in Roane and adjoining counties about 20,000 acres of 
coal and iron lands. 

ROANE IRON WORKS AT CHATTANOOGA. 

The rail mill was built in 1865 by the Government, for the purpose of re- 
rolling; has under the present Company (which have operated it since 1870,) 
been enlarged and increased incapacity; it has 10 heating furnaces. The 
annual product is SO, 000 net tons rails. The puddle mill was built in 1870 — 
has 10 double puddling furnaces, with an annual capacity of 10,000 tons. The 
main mill building is 650 feet long, by 60 feet in width. Construction and 
repair shops are carried on bj' the Company, consisting of carpenter shops, 
blacksmith shop, boiler shop, pattern shop, foundrj^ and machine shops. All 
the buildings are covered with slate or iron, as a protection against fire. 

The Company also own a large number of dwelling houses, which are used 
by the employes (700 in number,) 500 of whom are in the Chattanooga mill. 

The Company have also a reservoir, 200 feet above the river, for supplying 
the mill and premises. 

Chattanooga Fire -Brick Works. 

This establishment was started up in 1871 by a party of capitalists, who found 
that this point was the best under all circumstances, that could be found for 
this business. The material is mostly obtained from this vicinity, and the re- 
mainder at a short distance. The capacity of the works now is 6000 brick in 
12 hours. Their brick have stood the test of furnace heat, and have been pro- 
nounced as good as can be made. They have 10 kilns, and 2 drying floors, 
600 feet long, and all the necessary machinery for making bricks, drain pipes, 
etc. Their shipments extend to Atlanta, North Alabama, Knoxville, Nash- 
ville, etc., etc. Situated on the river they have the advantages of water, and 
when the Tennessee River improvements are completed, cheap transportation. 
The present proprietors, Messrs. Montague & Co., will push the business to a 
complete fruition. 



42 CHATTANOOGA. 



Etna Foundry and Machine Works. 

This enterprise was established two years ago in this city, by Gr. W. Whee- 
land, a practical man, who was attracted to this place because of the manj-^ 
advantages it possessed for works of this character. The Foundry and Ma- 
chine Shops are large, spacious buildings, well adapted to the business, situ- 
ated on the line of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, with a 
side track convenient for loading and unloading cars. The making and re- 
pairing of circular saw and grist mill machinery, furnace castings, etc., is 
made a specialty. One of the principal features of these works, also, is the 
manufacture of 

THE NEW IMPROVED TURBINE WHEEL, 

for the Soutliern States. The proprietor has furnished quite a number in 
this section and to the surrounding country, and certificates may be had of 
high recommendation. If our farmers and raill-wrights would put their heads 
together, and their capital, they could improve the milling business very 
much, especially in the pecuniary line. 

Enterprise Machine Works. 

The young men composing this firm are trom Pittsburg, and located in the 
city some five years ago. From a very small beginning by Mr. Truxall, in 
1870, their busiftess has increased to a very substantial one. Their shops 
are located on R. R. Avenue, near corner of 7th, and here may be seen a 
large amount of tools, lathes, &c., with which thej^ turn out their work. Their 
specialties are Small Tools, Pumps, Lathes and small Engines. A 4-horse 
engine built by themselves runs their machinerj'. The}' have also a number 
of lathes and tools, which they made, thus constantlj' adding to their faeili 
ties for work. They have now one of the completest shops in the city, and are 
kept quite busy on repairs of iron and brass, besides constantly receiving or- 
ders for new jobs. These are the kind of men to encourage. They earn 
their bread in the sweat of their face. 

Furniture Factory. 

There is but one establishment in the city manufacturing Furniture by 
steam: that of Mr. Chas. Sundquist, who located here in 1865, on a limited 
scale, and has built up his business by degrees, until it now amounts to quite 
an item in our manufacturing interests. .Mr. S. occupies the old ante-bellum 
factory, cor. 6th and CherrA' sts. All kinds of Furniture can be made here, 
and some very fine specimens of counters and other fancy work have been 
turned out from this establishment. There are al)out ten hands employed, and 
these are kept quite busy. 

There are several other parties making furniture in the city — among them, 
Messrs. Waltersdorff & Co., who are doing a very fair business. Being good 
workmen, they make a fair article of work. There is no reason why Furniture 
should not be made here on an extensive scale : all the woods are in the vi- 
cinity that are necessary. Cheap fuel and water power in abundance are other 
recommendations in favor of its manufacture at this point. 



CHATTANOOGA. 43 



Bakeries 

Thepe are several bakeries in the city, all having a reputation for good bread; 
indeed with our facilities here there is no excuse for not having the best of 
bread. Among them we notice the City Bakery, corner Cherry and lih streets ; 
the Star Bakery, ^farket between .")th and 6th streets; Irons', at the Rolling 
Mill, and the 

CHATTANOOGA STEAM BAKERY. 

This institution was established in the city in 1871. The Bakery has a 
capacit}' for 20 bbls. in 24 hours. Mr. A. A. Aull, the proprietor, is patentee 
of a Rotarj' Oven, which does a large amount of work, and that to perfection. 
He has also cracker machinery, and every appointment for a first-class bakery. 
His trade extends to towns contiguous to this city, and is increasing gradu- 
ally. 

Great Southern Candy Manufactory. 

About twenty months ago, Mr. Herman Stern came to this city and estab- 
lished a Candy Manufactory with a limited capital — the object l)eing to build 
up the trade by making pure candies at low prices. The candy heretofore 
sold in this town was nearly all of it bought abroad, a small proportion of it 
only being made here. The firm have added a fine lot of machinery since 
first establishing here, and their facilities for manufacturing this article are as 
good in a limited way as those of anj^ place. Their trade extends into north- 
ern Alabama, Georgia and East Tennessee. They have some very valuable 
new patents on candy heaters by steam. 

Broom Factory. 

Among the many industries we have to record, none is more to be encour- 
aged and fostered, to a certain extent, than the Broom Factory. Here is an 
article which is indispensable to every household, and one too which is quite a 
tax upon the people. Heretofore thousands of dollars a year have gone north 
for this single little article. We are glad to learn that this is about to be 
changed. The Chattanooga Broom Factory is a fixture, and although in its 
swaddling clothes, as it were, will in time grow to respectable size, if fostered 
by our merchants. Mr. J. T. Wooten came here in the fall of 1874 and began 
the making of brooms on a small scale, but owing to the scarcity of material 
suspended in spring of 1875. Pretty soon, however, the works started up again 
under the firm name of Wooten & Smith, only to have another backset in 
January of this year, when they were burned out, not having a dollar of insur- 
ance. Baffled but not despairing of final success they went at it again a few 
months ago, and they are constantly increasing their facilities for enlarging. 
They ship most of their goods south, besides furnishing merchants herewith a 
great deal of their -stock. Their corn is raised abroad, but this enterprise will 
be the means of encouraging the raising of it here, in the future. 
Tin "Ware, Cornice and Sheet Iron. 

The Cornice and Sheet iron business is represented in this city by two, and 
the Tinware by four houses. Messrs. Ashley & Snow began business in this 



44 CHATTANOOGA. 



city in 1873, and since that time have done considerable work in their line. 
Being practical workmen, thej' know their business well, and give satisfaction. 
The Heavy Sheet Iron and Copper work is one of their specialties — including 
smoke stacks, distillery work, etc. They have done considerable work in these 
lines, and we believe are prepared to duplicate any house north or west, freight 
and other expenses considered. Their tin and cornice and sheet iron work 
speaks for itself, as it were, and we take occasion to mention these 
things because it must be distinctly understood that Chattanooga can furnish 
anything in this line needed, and no one but will concede that it is best and 
safest to patronize home institutions and manufactories, than to send abroad, 
thus encouraging and stimulating home enterprises, increasing population nn^ 
valuations, and lessening the burdens of taxation. 

Organ Building'. 

There has been but one pipe organ built in this city, as yet, but 
the following description of this one will give some idea of our 
facilities for this branch of industry. From the Daily Times: 

" The instrument is a medium sized Church Pipe Organ, the dimensions be- 
ing eleven feet in height, eight and a half feet in width, and live feet in depth. 
The case is of black walnut (from this vicinity) and the appearance is neat 
and chaste, without attempt at elaborate ornamentation. It consists of one 
manual, of fifty-six notes ; and one pedal, of twenty two notes. There are 
twelve stops — three full stops, six half stops, and three mechanical stops. The 
half-stops are so put for the sake of convenience, and to facilitate the manipu- 
lation of the instrument. These stops are, together, equivalent to six full 
stops, commanding three hundred and thirty-six speaking pipes. The princi- 
pal, the gamba, and the flute or metallic (except the twelve lower notes of the 
flute). The open diapason consists of forty-four metallic, and twelve wooden 
pipes. The stop diapason consists of thirty-two metallic and twenty-four 
wooden pipes. The range of the tones varies from a sixteen foot bourdon to 
a four foot principal, giving in the aggregate a highly creditable volume. 
The variety and style of plajnng afforded by the combination of stops is unusu- 
ally great. Solo passages may be rendered with great ease and beautj^ The 
touch is very good for a new organ ; and the swell works very finely. The 
transition through all the shades of decrease and increase (the minuendo and 
crescendo) is easily and rapidly obtained. Its powe.- is above the average of 
organs of this size. It fills the large building in which it stands, blending 
strength with sweetness in an unusual degree. 

It was constructed by Messrs. John Fernquist, A. Alson, and G. Manson. 
These gentlemen are Swedes who have resided here for some years. Mr. 
FernquLst learned the art of organ making in Stockholm. He lived three 
years in New York, and put up an organ in one of the principal churches in 
Brooklyn. 

These gentlemen are prepared here at home to manufacture, from home 
materials, instruments that are unquestionably as good and as cheap, and in 
all respects «is desirable, as any to be found in the New York and Northern 



CHATTANOOGA. 45 



mai-kets. We sincerely trust ihey may be patronized. This is not a paid ad- 
vertisement. It is a voluntarj', cheerful tribute to an instance of domestic 
skill and enterprise which deserves the highest commendation. 

Wason Car Works. 

These works were erected in 1873. ^^^^ Company have eight 
commodious brick buildings, well arranged for their several pur- 
poses. Framing shop, two stories, 58 by 122 feet; pattern shop, 
two stories, 52 by 122 feet; pattern shop, two stories, 52 by 55 
feet ; erecting shop, one story, 42 by 265 feet ; blacksmith shop, 
one story, 47 by 133 feet; machine shop, one story, 47 by 61 
feet; boiler room, one story, 21 by 47 feet; foundry, one story, 
60 by 133 feet; annealing" room, one story, 52 by 53 feet. 

The Wason Car Company are manufacturers of boxes, bag- 
gage and flat-cars, and make a specialty of car wheels; they also 
do a general machine business. Their facilities are first-class. 
The capacity of the works is large : their full force being two 
hundred and fifty men, when running to the full capacity. The 
officers are, Chas Wason, President ; VV. H. Parker, V. Pres't., 
and Sup't. ; F. F. Morrill, Secretary and Treasurer. 

Chattanooga Marble "Works. 

In 1874, Mr. P. C. Daily, a gentleman of large experience in this 
line located in this city, beginning on a limited scale the busi- 
ness of marble. Although the demand has not been very heavy, 
and notwithstanding the financial embarrassments of this section, 
Mr. Daily has been able to make a hold on the place. His work 
is of the best characters, and is to be seen in our city cemetery at 
various places in this city of the dead. One remarkable piece of 
work is a monument made for Mr. Joseph Ruohs, of Italian mar- 
ble. In fact Mr. Daily uses this marble almost entirely, together 
with Vermont. He has the facilities for all work in his line, and 
his prices are remarkable considerate. He is to be engaged on 
a beautiful Shaft for the Confederate Memorial Association, of 
Chattanooga, the model of which has met with very general ap- 
probation. 

Mr. Daily has been shipping to points around the city, and 
were it not for the scarceity of money, would be overwhelmed 
with work. 

Slate Roofing. 

This branch of industry is in its infancy in this city. Mr. D. D. 
Jones, a Welsch gentleman, who learned his trade in England, is 
representing the business singly and alone in this city. He came 
to Chattanooga in 1873, and has done some considerable work. 



46 CHATTANOOGA. 



among which is the following: The Wason Car Works, Roane 
Iron Works, Chattanooga Cotton and Woolen Factoi')\ and many 
nice dwellings and other buildings in the city. Mr. Jones is an 
energetic close worker, keeps a stock on hand of slates, from his 
quarry in Geoi;gia, and is prepared to do any style or quantity of 
work in his line. It is to be hoped this enterprise will be foster- 
ed, on account of the economy in having such roofs put on our 
houses, the protection from fire and the good appearance of slate 
roofs. 

The Southern Pump and Pipe Factory. 

The business was established in Januaiy, 1874, with a capital of twenty-five 
thousand dollars. It is a branch of the extensive factory of J. F. Temple & 
Sons, of Chicago. The establishment of these works in Chattanooga has 
proven a success. They ship to points all over the South, and into Missouri. 
Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. Also, East as far as Virginia. They make about 
5,00U pumps per anuuni, and use some 500,000 feet of lumber, which they pro- 
cure from the upper Tennessee river. The}' also manufacture large quanti- 
ties of pipe for water and gas mains, and for leading water from springs. 
The pipe is made to sustain an equal pressure with iron pipes made for the 
same purpose, and is decidedly cheaper. 

The Novelty Machine Works. 

These works were established in l!^70, by Messrs. R. Fell and Harry Wilcox, 
who had been engaged in the Vulcan Works, in this city. Their business was 
started on a very limited scale, and subsequently Mr. Fell retired, leaving 
Harry Wilcox sole proprietor. Since this time Mr. Wilcox has added consid- 
erably to his business. He 'has been compelled to occupy two large rooms, 
which were lately constructed for his store-room and shops. Here in these 
shops may be found machinery for gas, steam and water-pipe fitting, the 
repair and manufacturing of small tools, pumps, lathes, and, indeed, all kinds 
of machine work. Mr. Wilcox has had considerable experience in his line, 
and has worked in the press manufacturing rooms of R. Hoe & Co., New 
York city. His success in building up woi-ks of this character from such 
small beginnings, is an evidence of the importance of them, and indeed the 
necessity. Mr. Wilcox is agent for quite a number of manufacturers of 
pumps, engines, &c. He has made most of his machinery, including an en- 
gine of 10 iior.'^p power. 

The Milling Business. 

The location of Chattanooga on the Tennessee River, down 
whose bosom is floated annually thousands of logs from upper 
East Tennessee, gives to this point a splendid advantage for the 
saw-miU business. There was at one time five or six saw-mills 
in operation, but owing to unforeseen circumstances, several of 
them were closed out. But the two remaining are doing a fine 
business, the first of which we notice is that of Loomis, Hart 



47 J CHATTANOOaA. 



these articles which are used every day to such an extent, are all 
complete. Water, coal, timber &c., in abundance, on all lines of 
railroads and on the river. 



CHATTANOOGA. 47 



& Stewart, successors to Loomis & Bennett, who began the 
business in a small way in 1865. Having suffered considerably 
by two freshets of the Tennessee, the latter firm determined in 
1875 to build high and substantial enough to resist all encroach- 
ments of the mad torrents, and the consequence is a very large 
and well built mill. The new coalition was formed this year 
(1876), and they have capital and energy enough to make it a 
success in ever}/ way. The capacity of the mill is 20,000 feet 
per day. They employ twenty-five hands. 

Manufactories not Mentioned Elsewhere. 

.STEAM, WAGON, AND I.VIFI.E.MKNT WORK:?, 

An estfiblishmeiit with limited capital, makino; heav.y wagons, spokes, han- 
dles and hubs, entirely of Tennessee timber, of a superior quality. 

CARRIAGE AND WAGON SVOKES. 

Make all ^inds of carriages, buggies, phaetons, wagons, &c. Messrs. Fech- 
ner & Bro. have turned out some elegant work, and have taken premiums on 
various occasions, 

THE LOOKOUT MACHINE SHOPS, 

These works are located in the western part of the city, near the Rolling 
mill and Blast Furnace. Messrs. Leard & Wright, the proprietors, do all 
kinds of machine work. They have erected several portable engines in this 
city, and other work which is highly spoken of. The proprietors are both 
practical men, 

WAGON AND CARRIAGE WORKS. 

Messrs. Fassnaht & Co. have an establishment of this character, where some 
first-class work has been put up — among it some fine coaches and closed car- 
riages for this citj'. These gentlemen are all hard workers, and are building 
gradually a handsome trade. 

MESSRS. MURPHY * HULSE 

Have also works of a similar kind. They are both well known to this e<mi- 
munity, and have done some as creditable work for livery stables in this city 
as can be found anywhere. Thej' use home timbers altogether. 

A FEW MANUFACTORIES THAT V^TOULD PAY. 

With every facility for manufactoring in the vicinity, it certain- 
ly will be of interest to those who do not know, to give the sub- 
ject a careful persual. There are many of the smaller industries 
which are needed here and would pay h^^ndsomely. The follow- 
ing may be mentioned as some of them : Vinegar Factory ; a 
general woodware factory, including buckets, tubs, churns &c.; 
agricultural implement works; last and peg factories; shoe man- 
ufactory ; watch factory ; paper mills ; bag factory ; box factory ; 
glass factory, edge tools, &c., &c., The facilities for producing 



48 CHATTANOOGA. 



THE MERCANTILE INTEREST. 

While Chattanooga makes no pretensions toward a wholesale 
center, yet she may be proud of her merchants who, embarra.ssed 
by freight discriminations, and the usual drawbacks to a new and 
growing town, have braved the perils of competition with those 
of our older sister cities on every hand. 

The completion of the many works in the city on hand and 
in contemplation, together with the tide of immigration all 
around us, will increase Chattanooga's facilities for this branch 
of commerce. 

In Dry Goods, Messrs. W. Crutchfield & Co. are the pioneers. 
They were established in 1868, and amid all the discouragements 
of the last few years have held their own. They do a safe busi- 
ness in a limited way, not caring to build up an extensive credit 
trade. Their business has footed up as high as $160,000 a year, 
and is in a fair way to increase substantially with the growth of 
the city. 

In Hardware, Builders' Material, &c., Messrs. Vance & Kirby 
and J. H. Warner & Co., are doing a very handsome business. 
The improvements on the Tennessee River, the Cincinnati South- 
ern R. R., and the improvements in the city have stimulated this 
business to a great extent. Messrs. V. & K. are from Ohio, and 
have been located in this city in business for five years ; and in 
this time, under the personal supervision of Mr. J. C Vance have 
improved the hardware business in this city very much. They 
have erected on Market street a magnificent 3-story brick, an il- 
lustration of which is found in their advertisement in this book. 
The first floor is devoted to Shelf Hardware, Samples, &c. ; the 
second floor contains packages of Shelf Hardware, a large stock 
of Carriage and Wagon Work, hand Machinery for home work, 
&c. ; the third floor is full of Builders' Material, such as Doors, 
Sash, Blinds, &c. They make a specialty of Rubber and Gum 
Belting, Standard Scales and Powders. Chattanooga has cause 
to congratulate herself that these gentleman are upholding this 
branch of business in so creditable a manner. 

Messrs. J. H. Warner & Co. are the pioneers in the Hardware 
business in this city — especially as to Mr. W., who has been 
connected with the business in various ways some fifteen years in 
this city. His kijowledge of this business is certainly extensive ; 
while the management under his superintendence has greatly ad- 
ded to the character of this line of trade in Chattanooga. Mr. 
H. K. Carter, the other member of the firm, is resident in New 
York City, which enables the firm to keep posted in all matters 
pertaining to their business, and to keep up their stock to a good 



CHATTANOOGA. 49 



i advantage. Flverything in the line of Builders' and Shelf Hard- 
1 ware, Leather and Gum Belting, Powder. Shot, Fishing Tackle, 
I Doors, Sash and Blinds, Scales, &c., &c..inay be found on the 
different floors of this establishment. 

Messrs. Martin & Bros, are wholesale dealers in groceries, and 
grain merchants. This firm have built up in the last few years a 
magnificent trade, extending for many miles around Chattanooga, 
and in the grain trade to all points South which draw their sup- 
plies from this place. This firm are erecting a large brick build- 
ing on the corner of Ninth and Market streets, which will be ca- 
pacious enough for their constantly growing trade. They are 
live, energetic, clever gentlemen, and are worthy of the success 
they have met with in this city. 

Messrs. C. P. Roberson & Co. are also wholesale grocery mer- 
chants. This firm began business in this city some two years 
since, and are constantly growing into favor. They furnish a 
large section of this country, supply some of the public works 
going on around the city, &c. They are reliable men, and are 
doing a good business. 

Business Men. 

In speaking of the standing of our merchants and business 
men personally, we use only the facts. The business men of 
Chattanooga, taken as a whole, enjoy first-class reputation abroad. 
Although there have been failures in this place, within the last 
few years ; it may be truthfully said they were partly owing to 
outside influences, the tightness of the times, and unforeseen dis- 
asters. Notwithstanding the flood, and fires, and financial em- 
barrassments in the past decade, our business men having gen- 
erally withstood it all, and to-day are doing as well as could t>e 
expected. Many have erected substantial business houses, while 
others have invested in real estate, manufactories etc. They are 
enterprising merchants, advertise, help the churches, benevolent 
institutions, and patronize home industries. 

Banking Institutions. 

The accommodations for money in this city are confined at 
present to two banks, the First National and the Chattanooga 
Discount and Deposit. The City National Bank was in exist- 
ence a short while, but decided last year to withdraw from bus- 
iness in this city. 

THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK 

was organized in December, 1865, with a capital of ^200,000, and 
an authorized capital of ^500,000. The present capital and sur- 
plus is ^395,000. The officers are: W. P. Rathburn, President, 



50 CHATTANOOGA. 



,T. G. Montague, Cashier. Directors, Clias. f. Marcin, Tom H. 
Payne, C. W. Vinson, W. P. Rathburri, S. B. Strang, H. G. Dan- 
iel, T. G. Montague. This bank was erected in 1869, cor. Market 
and Sixth sts., a substantial 3-story brick, .stone front, with base- 
ment. The first floor is handsomely and conveniently fitted up 
and used for the business of the bank, with a fire proof vault; 
the second floor is divided off ur:o offices; while the third floor 
is used as a Masonic Hall. 

CH.ATTANOOGA DISCOUNT AND DEPOSIT BANK. 

This institution was organized September ist, 1867, with a cap- 
ital of $24,000, authorized capital $500,000. The officers are — 
John King, President; Thomas Crutchfield, V^ice- President ; A. 
C. Burns, Cashier. They do a grand banking business. 

Both of these banks withstood the shock o'f 1873, notwith- 
standing the immense pressure upon them and the whole coun- 
try. They are sound institutions, in the hands of honest, capable 
men. 

Population and Valuations — Increase -within the Past Decad,^, 

The increase in population within the past decade has been fully 
125 per cent: the highest estimated number of actual residents at 
the beginning of the year 1866 was 5000 inhabitants ; of these many 
were regarded as temporarily here prospecting for a place to set- 
tle. At this period civil authorit}^ had just succeeded to 
that of martial law and the prospect and future of Chat- 
tanooga was beginning to attract the earnest attention of 
not only its actual residents, but many of those whom the inci- 
dents of the past few years had made partially acquainted with 
its many advantages. There were but few stores or business houses 
and a scarcity of dwelling houses existed. Much of the business 
was done in the Government warehouses built for the accommo- 
dation of army business and left vacant by the removal of the 
troops; and, in some instances, tents were still in use. Now the 
population is assumed to be between 1 1,000 and 12,000. The cen- 
sus of the place has not been taken since 1870, but from other sta- 
tistics it is safe to estimate the population at near the latter num- 
ber. 

VALUATIONS. 

These, as shown by the tax assessors rolls, are given below. If 
not always made withthebest of judgment, they are nearly always 
made under the .same general circumstances, and should he pro- 
portionally correct ; the action of a single Board of Mayor and 
Aldermen, the term being but one year, seldom has but little 



CHATTANOOGA. 



effect upon actual values ; it must be a long-continued model or 
maladministration of affairs that shows itself in the v^alues at- 
tached to private property. It will be seen that our highest 
\-aluation was for the year 1873. Without explanation, the 
natural conclusion would be that the reverses in the general 
prosperity of business of that year was unusually severe here. 
Such was not the case. At some previous date the Board of 
Mayor and Aldermen had assumed to exempt from taxation a 
large amount of property not made exempt by legislative action ; 
the assessor for that year, guided, no doubt, by what he con- 
ceived to be his duty under the law, assessed such exempted 
property to the value of hundreds of thousands of dollars, and 
it appears in the total value for that year. The legal right, or the 
wisdom, if the right existed, of the Board of Mayor and Alder- 
men to exempt a- class of property from taxation not made ex- 
empt by State legislation, is not a question for discussion in a 
work of this kind. 

ASSESSED VALUATIONS. 

As.^r.s.-,.-.! Valuation in LSliB § 91!),000 00 

1867 950,000 00 

18(>8 968,ir.S 00 

I8i;;t 1,680,290 00 

1870 1,195,616 00 

1871 2,239,375 00 

1872 3,065,631 00 

1873 -5,044,013 05 

1874 4,442,645 25 

1875 4,214,432 16 

THE MINERAL REGION CONTIGUOUS TO CHATTANOOGA. 



CH.\TT.\XOOGA .AND THE CENTENNIAL MAP. 

The oTOwing- interest manifested in the mineral wealth of this 
vicinity has resulted in the consummation ot an enterprise winch 
demands a concise but explicit showing in these pages. We 
speak of the Centennial Map, which had its origin in this city in 
October, 1875. where our citizens were called together for the 
purpose of taking the matter into consideration. At that meet- 
ing the greatest enthusiasm prevailed, and the following Com- 
missioners appointed, with W. A. Hoskins. President, S. B. 
Lowe. Secretary W. D. Van Dvke, Treasurer: Thos. Crutch- 
field, A. C. S. I'gou. S. B. Lowe. Wm. Clift, J. W. James, H. S. 
Chamberlain, Thos. Webster, A. G. W. Puckett. Richard Hen- 
derson, S. A. Key. W. L. Eakin, A. M. Johnson, John L. Di- 
vine. H. N. Snyder. W. C. Payne. 

It was resolved to have prepared a map. showing the mineral 



52 CHATTANOOGA. 



district in and around Chattanooga, lithographed, colored, and 
finally put up at the Centennial, together with samples of the 
ores, marble, copper, zinc, coal, etc., represented on it. 

The committee in this city went immediately to work, issuing 
circulars appealing to those interested in the matter to contribute 
funds for this laudable undertaking^. The main work and ex- 
pense, it was evident, would fal. ^n Chattanooga, and with a 
unanimity characteristic of the people, they responded from time 
to time with their means for the prosecution of the work. In 
this connection we copy from the Nashville (Tenn.) American 
the following justly deserved mention of 

Chattanooga's enterprisk. 

" We cannot too highly commend to the imitation of other counties and 
communities and cities in the State the enterprise of Chattanooga. They are 
preparing to have a topographical, geological and agricultural map of a sec- 
tion of country, 200 miles by 160 miles in extent, with Chattanooga, as near 
as possible, in the center, comprising the Chattanooga mineral district. It 
will contain the location of agricultural lands, the situation ot all mining 
lands and mineral deposits, with the character and quantity of the minerals 
specifically designated. The map will be made accurate, and lithographed 
copies will be distributed in this country and Europe, as well as placed on ex- 
hibition at the Centennial, accompanied by specimens of the minerals. The 
commission is working indefatigably, gathering up information concerning 
every deposit and specimens of each, so that all shall be reliable, accurate in- 
formation. Circulars have been sent to individuals, and now the commission 
very properly ask of the county courts lying within the Chattanooga mineral 
district such an appropriation as will make it beyond all chance a perfect 
success and accurate beyond po.ssibility of error. The Chattanooga mineral 
region comprises a large portion of the great dye-stone or hematite belt, and is 
one of the most important in the State, rich in iron and coal and various other 
minerals, with the finest water power for manufacturing, excellent timber, and 
with Chattanooga as its natural center, railroad transportation to all points of 
the compass, and also river transportation by the Tennessee. 

This map will also represent the vast mountains of limonite iron ore in the 
Unaka range and in the northern parts of Georgia and Alabama, as well as 
the red fossil ores of the latter State, all contiguous to and properly belonging 
to the Chattanooga iron district. Such a map will show at a glance how surely 
Chattanooga is destined to become the great iron center of the Mississippi 
Valley, and will aid immensely in attracting labor and capital to a field 
fraught with immense possibilities in the future. 

These commissioners, aided and stimulated by a live people, have gone to 
work, unmindful of hard times, to take the surest method of getting rid of 
those hard times, by making their capabilities and possibilities known to the 
world in no slipshod, half-considered, ill-executed sort of way, but by the ap- 
plication of brains, energy and live spirit to do all that can be done. They 



CHATTANOOGA. 58 

propose to place one hundred tons' of their three varieties of iron ore, of coal, 
coke, copper, zinc, mica, marble, lead, manganese, slate, talc, baryta, silica, 
etc., on exhibition to illustrate their resources. 

In addition thej- will exhibit specimens of timber, fruits, grain, and other 
agricultural products, with the localities of their production, and the situation 
oi' fertile lands, and all other lands noted on the map, and the localities where 
settlers may obtain lands, to show how well adapted this locality is to sustain 
a mining and manufacturing population. 

Such efforts cannot fail to benefit Chattanooga and her surrounding coun- 
ties and also the State. They are the efibrts of a live, progessive population, 
who appreciate the situation and go to work like men to compel success by 
their own efforts. Why cannot their example be emulated by other counties, 
equally as favorably situated. Knoxville can with equal expectation of profit 
in the same way present upper East Tennessee, Clarksville in the north and 
Columbia in the south, might be the centers for a movement to illustrate and 
present the great Middle Tennessee iron belt, and Memphis and Jackson are 
able to present West Tennessee and its peculiar resources. We commend to 
the rest of the State the example of Chattanooga, with the sincere hope that 
it will be emulated, if necessary, by every county. 

The map is 17 feet long by 13 feet and 8 inches wide, and cost 
about $1,500. It embraces a territory in extent lOO miles each 
way, East and West, and 75 miles North and South from Chat- 
tanooga. The city council of Chattanooga subscribed in addi- 
tion to the private subscriptions liberally, as did also Hamilton 
and other counties. But the care of assuming the expenses and 
bringing to a successful issue this undertaking, rested with the 
citizens of this community, and right nobly have they met it. 

The following from the Times of this city is very interesting 
as showing the difficulty in arranging a correct map, and we 
produce it in full : 

OUR CENTENNIAL MAP AND WHAT IS BEING DONE WITH IT. 

We yesterday had the pleasure of visiting the large room in Kunz's build- 
ing, in which the map of our great mineral district is being made, and through 
the politeness of Mr. Kelly, who is superintending the "building" of it, ob- 
tained a full insight into its manner of consti-uction. The maps that are 
mostly being used to transfer ft-om are maps furnished bj' the United States 
War Department for the occasion, and which are also laid ofi' in correspond- 
ing squares representing two miles — thus the draftsman can the more readily 
follow each stream or sulyect of his labor without any difiiculty. The com- 
mittee on the map have adopted a verj' happy plan, we think, to get the most 
correct boundaries, locations of streams, minerals, &c., by having a great 
many tracings made of all the different localities, and sending those tracings 
to individuals in all the different localities who are familiar with the topogra- 
phy of the country, streams, minerals and locations of ores, &c., and who will 
make all the necessary corrections on the same, if any should be needed, and 



54 CHATTANOOGA. 



returning them here for transfer to the large map. In this way the commit- 
tee get the benefit of the combined knowledge of the people of the surrounding 
country. But it is in the county lines that the greatest ditKculty is expe- 
rienced. By a critical examination of ail the acts of the different legislatures, 
from the commencement up to the present time, it is ascertained that over 
two hundred different lines have to be corrected that are embraced in the sec- 
tion that will lie covered by the map, while two new counties have to be laid 
down that have never yet appeared on anj' map at all, and those are Loudon 
and James. In one county — Knox — a section of territory aliout one mile Ity 
ten, has been embraced within her boundary in all the maps extant, which 
never did belong to it, and so we could refer to an endless number of errors 
which have been perpetuated from one publisher to another through all time, 
hut which will now l)e corrected and placed upon record as the.y actually are. 

To say that we will be more than amply repaid for our ex- 
pense and trouble will be to put it very mildl\-. The wonder- 
ful resources of this mineral belt have to be studied and ex- 
amined to be half appreciated. And when only half is known, 
the gathering of capital and labor to this, the great central entre- 
pot of lower East Tennessee, Northern Georgia, Northern Ala- 
bama and Southern Kentucky and Ohio will be immense. 

The following ludusti-ies are represented on the map, giving location and 

capacity : 

GEORGIA. 
FURNACKS — (Charcoal). 

Cherokee Iron Works, Cedartown, Polk county ; annual capacity, 8,00(1 net 
tons. 

Diamond Furnace, Cartersville, Cass county. 

^Etna Furnace, Polk county. Daily capacity 10 to 12 tons, net. 

Pool Furnace, Bartow county. 

Ridge Valley Iron Company, (furnace) Rome, Floyd county. 

Rogers Furnace. Bartow county; annual capacity 2,500 net tons. 

COKE. 

Bartow Furnaces, (Bartow Iron Company, Bartow Iron Works,) Rartow 
county: annual capacity, No. 1, 2.500 net tons; No. 2, 6,000 net tons. 
Rising Fawn Iron Company, Rising Fawn, Dade county. 

ROLLING MILLS. 

Rome Iron Works, Rome, Floyd county, Ga. Annual capacity, nails 2,000 
net tons ; spikes 1,000 ; bar iron 3,500 tons. 

ALABAMA. 
j-'URXACE.'i — (Charcoal.) 
Cornwall Iron Works. Cedar Bluff, Cherokee county. 

Rock Run Furnace, Pleasant Gap, Cherokee county ; animal capacity, 
4,000 net tons. 

Round Mountain Furnace, Round Mountain, Cherokee county: annual ca- 
pacity, 4,000 net tons. 



CHATTANOOGA. 



Stonewall Iron Works, Stonewall, Cherokee county : annual capacity, ti.OOO 
net tons. 
Tecumseli Furnace, Tecumseh, Cherokee county; annual capacity, 10,000 

net tons. 

TENNESSEE. 

DYESTOXE KKGIOX BITUMINOUS I'OAL AND ("OKR. 

Chattanooga Iron Company, Chattanooga, Hamilton county. One stack, 
(iLxl2f; eompletefl in 1874; blown in Septemher, 1874; closed top; annual 
capacity, 6,800 net tons. 

Oakdale Furnace, Kinjcstou, Roauf county; works at Oakdale ; two 
stacks 65x16.'. 

Rockwood Furnace, Roane county. Annual capacity 24,000 net tons. 

ROLLING MILLS. 

Roane Iron Works. Chattanooga ; annual capacity ,HO,000 tons. 
Vulcan Works, Chattanooga. Not running. 

COUNTIES:— TENNESSEE. 

Wilson, Putnam, DeKalb, White, Cannon, Rutherford, Coffee, Bedford, 
Warren, Van Buren, Morgan, Cumberland, Bledsoe, Sequachee, Marion, 
Grundy, Franklin, Lincoln, Moore, Hamilton, James, Rhea, Meigs, Mc- 
Minn, Bradley, Polk, Roaue, Knox, Blount, Monroe, .Indersou, Loudon. 

GEORGIA. 

Catoosa, Dade, Walker, Murray. Whitfield, Chattooga, Gordon, Cherokee, 
Bartow, Floyd, Gilmin-. Pickens, Milton, Cobb, Paulding, Fannin, Uniou: 
Habersham. • 

ALA15AMA. 

Limestone, Madison, Jackson, Morgan, Marshall, DeKalb. Blount, Win" 
ston, Etowah, Cherokee. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

,'Clay, Cherokee. 

MINERALS. 

Coal ; Brown Hematite Iron Ore ; Red Fossil Iron Ore ; Gray Specular 
Ore; M'gu't Black Oxide Iron Ore ; Copper; Zinc; Baryta; Lead; Marble- 
Maganeze, Gold ; Roofing Slate ; Hydraulic Cement : Talcose Slate and 
Mica. 

PUBLIC BUILDINGS, DEPOTS AND HALLS. 

Chattanooga is not as well supplied with puljlic buildings as might be. No 
doubt this will be remedied in a short time, especially as the the place is grow" 
ing, and the financial condition improving. Hamilton County has a large 
three story building used for a court-house, which is neither ornamental nor 
convenient as to office or places for holding court. This is to be remedied, 
however, soon, as the County is making arrangments for erecting a handsome 
court-house on an eminence in this city, which will add greatly to the wants of 
the city and county in this respect. 



56 CHATTANOOOA 



The Post Office. 

This i)uilding was erected in 1^71. It is a two story brick, the front bein}!; of 
yellow sand stone from off the line of the Ahiiiaraa & Cliattanooga Railroad, 
in Alabama. It is centrally located as to the geographical position of it, on 
the east side of Market street, near the contemplated depots of the Cincinnati 
Railroad. It fronts 42 feet on Market street by 87 feet in deph. The first floor 
ceiling is 18 feet high, second story 15 feet. The building was fitted up after 
plans furnished by the Department at Washington. The second floor is fitted 
up in large and spacious offices. The whole presents a very neat and impos- 
ing appearance. 

The Passenger Depot. 

This is a large wood truss building, erected in 1871, 40(1 x 121 feet, situated 
on Market street, within two blocks of the proposed site of the Cincinnati 
Southern Railway buildings. It has conveniences for a comfortable first-class 
depot. Baggage, Lunch, Sitting Rooms, Parlor, Dining Rooms, and all con- 
venient rooms for transacting the business incidental to Mail. Baggage and 
Express business. 

The structure stands northeast and southwest, a most happy position for the 
reception, without much trouble of all railroad passenger cars, for the accom- 
modation of which there are six tracks. Railroad offices are placed in prox- 
imity to the various rooms, on the east side of the depot. The plan upon 
which this depot was built will insure ample facilities for the transaction of all 
business incidental, and ample room for everything necessary. 

The Freight Depot of the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad. 

This is located on the west side of Market street, corner of Union, and 
fronts on Market 55 feet. It is a two-story brick for 40 feet back, containing 
the general offices of the Company. It stands one story high, .same width, 
200 feet back, along the line of Union street, this part being used for local 
freight. In close proximity to this structure is a brick storeroom for general 
supplies. These offices are fitted up well, and all conveniences for the trans- 
action of business may be here found. The building is as good as any, and 
better than the average in this city. Platforms extend around three sides of 
it, and the tracks extend along the eastern side for transhipping freight. 

The Alabama & Chattanooga R. R. Round-House. 

This is a brick structure, designed to accommodate twenty five engines, liaving 
eleven stalls completed. It is situated on the south side of Hooke, and west 
of Divine streets. It is a well built house, and reflects no little ci-edit on the 
company, as do all their improvements. 

The Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad Shops, 

are wooden structures, consisting of machine shop, wood machine shop, wood 
repairing shop, blacksmith shop, coppersmith shop, pattern-maker shop, paint 
shop, upholsterer shop, and two store rooms for general supplies. Both ma- 
chine shops are well supplied with machinery. In these shops may be found 



CHATTANOOGA 57 



every facility'for building; and repairing motive power dnd rolling stock of the 
road. Some very fine nnd creditable work has been turned out of these shops- 
Western and Atlantic Railroad Depot. 

This depot is situated on Market and Ninth streets. Tt is a two-story strue- 
ture, fronting on Ninth (!0 feet, and running back 80 feet on Market street. It 
then becomes a one-story, and extends back 150 feet. The front part of the 
building is used for offices. It is a very substantial structure, and large 
enough for all practicable, purposes. A good platform for pedestrians is built 
along the east side of the depot. 

The Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Rail-way Depot. 

This is a one-story brick structure, about 2t)0 yards south of the old Union 
Passenger Depot. It contains offices, freight room. itc. Tt is convenient for 
the business of this road, but is neither large or handsome enough for this cor- 
poration. This Company could well afford a large, convenient structure at 
this point. We have no doubt they wiil erect one, as contemplated, ere long. 

The Memphis and Charleston, 

And the East Tenn., Virginia and Georgia Railroads have combined depots in 
east Chattanooga, near the contemplated Cincinnati Southern Railroad de- 
pots, and within a few paces of the new passenger d'^pot, post-ofP.ce, and Ala- 
bama and Chattanooga Railroad depots. 

Halls. 

.(A.MES HALL. 

This is the largest Hall in the city — being 60 feet wide by 146 feet long, and 
has a large Stage with Curtain Scenerj', and all necessary appointments for 
theatrical entertainments, concerts &c. The proprietors purpose making this 
one of the finest theatres in this section at no very distant day. There are two 
entrances to this Hall — the front and main on Market street, the rear on Sixth 
street. 

clippikuer's hall. 

This i.- a very handsome Hall on Market, near Ninth street, used at present 
hy the congregation of the Second Presbyterian church. It is capable of 
l)eing made a very pleasant little Concert Hall. 

CONCORDIA HALL. 

Our Jewish fellow-citizens have fitted up a Hall where the Concordia Clul» 
give entertainments of a musical and dramatic nature. It is a very pleasant 
little Hall, quite large enough for the present purposes, with stage, scenery, 
&c. This is not a public Hall, being used only by the club, above spoken of 

OTHER HALLS. 

The City Hall is used for purposes of City government only. Poss' Hall, 
situated on Market street, near Ninth, has not been fitted up for any purpose 
— is used occasionally for balls, parties, and entertainments of like character. 
There are some Halls in the city used by the Masons, Odd Fellows, Temper- 
ance and other Societies. 



5K CHATTANOOUA. 



SOCIETIES AND RELIGIOUS ORDERS. 

There are quite a number of orders in the city, rehgious and 
otherwise. The 

SISTERS OF THE ORDER OF ST. DOMINIC, 

e.stabli.shed in this city, in January of this year, an institution of 
instruction for young ladies, to the end that they might obtain a 
finst-class education. Accordingly, the school began the first 
session as indicated above, under the title of 

Academy of Notre Dame de Lourdes. 

Here are taught the languages, music, &c. The Academy is the 
building formerly used as a priestage, adjoining the church of 
Saints Peter and Paul, on Gilmer .street. The next academical 
year begins in September, the .Sisters having been engaged, during 
the vacation, in making arrangements for a larger and more ex- 
tensive school. 

Attached to the church, under the conduct of the .Sisters, also 
is a Parochial School, but distinct from the .\cadem\'. This 
school is taught in the church of Saints Peter and Paiil. 

Houses of Worship 

Oimilicrhiiii! IN'cshyteriaii, northwest corner llliLflith ami < 'hcslmit. 

.Molliodist Churuh, South, corner Eighth and Market. 

.\[ethodist E. Church, corner Sixth and Pine. 

Presbj'terian (l.st) Church, corner Seventh and Market. 

Pi'e.shyterian (2d) Charch, Clippinger's Hall, Market street. 

St.<. Pf'tiT ;'.iiil I'aiil (Roman Catholic), Ciimer street. 

St. I'otf-'r I I'l-ntcstaiit Episfopal), southwest corner rhestinii aird Kiirhtli 
[ streets. 
[ Baptist (Isl) Church, corner Walnut and Si.xth streets. 

Baptist (I'd) Church, Whiteside .street, south Chattanootia. 
1 Cnion Church, south Chattanooo;a, Whiteside street. 
i Chattanootra .Spirituali.st Union — Meet in (^uicordia Hall. 
i Flehrcw Sviia<'-oo-ue. Hooke's Buildiu<r. Market street, between Niutli aud 

Kiudith. 
! (COLOBEU. ) 

M. !•; ("Iiiircli, corner l-ookduf and Fittli streets. 

A. M E. Cliureh, Lonu; street. 

Shi loll Baptist Church, Tenth street. 

Zkui Baptist Church, Montgomery avenue. 

I.iitlii-rau Cluirch — Services in First Preshytcriii ii Cliur<.-li. 

Masonic . 

Chattauooga, l.ndu.' Xo ]!i:i, uu-et first aud third .Monday In . acli mnntli ; 
1 H. H. Kiio.x, W. .M., E. F. Scvlci-, Secretary. 

j Temple Lodge No. 480, meet second ami tnurtli .Mdmlays: li. .M , Tankesley, 
I W. M., L. Sheldon, Secretary. 



CHATTANOOfiA. . 59 

Haiiiiltoii Chapter Nt). 49, R. A. M.. meet secdiid and fourth Tuesdays ; A. 
; ,1. Piorce, H. P., J. B. Nicklin, Secretary. 

i Mount Moriah Council No. 50, meet tir.st Tlnirsday, quarterly; .1. H. Van- 
I deeman, T. I.. J. B. Nicklin, Recorder. 

Ijookout Cornmandery No. 14, K. T., meets first Thursday in each month : 
.l..liti B. Nicklin. Jr., E." 0., ,J. A. Hood, Recorder. 

Odd Fellows. 

Kui^lits of Honor, Schiller Lodge No. 158, meets every Thursday ni»ht; A. 
. W Lawter, Dictator, Fred. Mayer, Reporter. 

I Wildey Lodge No. — , meets every Wednesday night: H. B. Case, N. G., 
! (reorge M. Peckinpaugh, Secretary. 

] Guttehburg Lodge No. 178, meet every Monday night; P. Lazard, N. G., 
! A. E. Mayer, Secretary. 

Phillips Lodge No. 112, meet every Tuesday night; W. R. Cariile, N. G., 
' Perry Ransom, Secretary. 

Dramatic. 

: Concordia Club, meet every Sunday at their hall in Kun/.' Building: P. R. 
Albert, President, S. Geismar, Secretarj'. 

Benevolent, Etc. 

Young Men's Christian Association ; Wm. Morris, President, L.P. Thatcher, 
Secretary. Meet second Monday in each month, at the various churches. 
j Chattanooga Turn Verein, corner Ninth and Market streets, meet every 
Sunday night; H. Schneider, President, F. Stoermer, Secretary. 

Confederate Memorial Association — Mrs. Anna F. Hight, President; Tom- 
linson Fort, Treasurer and Secretary. Meet first Thursday in each month. 
1. 0. B'Nai B'Rith, meet second and fourth Wednesdays; F. Decker, Presi- 
1 dent; L. Loewenthal, Secretary. 

I Tennessee Lodge No. 21, Knights of Jericho ; G. A. Gowin, S. K. C, Sam'l 
1 Cate, Secretary-; meet every Tuesday evening. 

Hebrew Benevolent Association ; A. Tschopik, President, David Friedman 
Secretary. Meet every Sabbath. 

Knights of Pythias, Damon Lodge No. 2; J. H. Van Deman, C. C, J. H. 
Warner, V. C. Meet every Friday night in Odd Fellows' Hall. 

Workingmen's Union — R. V. Brennan, President; Pat. Garvin, Secretary. 
Meets monthly, in Fireman's Hall. 

Machinist's and Blacksmith's Union No. 5, Tennessee — John Ca;lder, Presi- 
dent; Geo. Manuel, Secretary. Meets weekly. 

Colored Societies. 

Benevolent Societj^ No. 4, meet the first and third Tuesday, at Hall, coi'uer 
Tenth and King streets ; A. Nickerson, President, D. E. Edenburg, Secretarj'. 

Phoenix Lodge No. 7 — F. A. Y. M., meet the first Monday night in each 
month at 241 Market street; C. P. Letcher, W. M., Eldridge Lewis, Secreta^3^ 

C. 0. S. of Relief No. 17, meet each Friday night at their Hall on Railroad 
avenue, between Eighth and Ninth streets ; H. N. Hutchenson, President ; R. 
C. Hawkins, Secretary. 

Y". M. C. A., meets first and third Tuesday night in each month, corner 5th 
street and Geoi'gia avenue; A. P. Melton, President, D. N. Crutchfield, Sec- 
retary. 



60 CHATTANOOGA. 



Character of the Watering Places Contiguous to Chattanooga. 

There are a number of springs and places of resort around 
Chattanooga, which are well patronized, and offer superior in- 
ducements to those seeking rest, health and pleasure. Within a 
radius of fifty to sixty miles may be found springs of splendid 
virtues for many of the diseases that flesh is heir to. 

CATOOSA SPRINGS, (iEORGIA. 

These wonderful Springs contain a rich and versatile wealth of 
mineral water. Located in Catoosa county, twenty-five miles 
southeast of Chattanooga, Tennessee, and 113 miles north of 
Atlanta, Ga., and within two miles of the Western & Atlantic 
Railroad, among the picturesque and salubrious hills of North 
Georgia, they include the enormous number of Fifty-two 
Springs! Containing all of the distinct and powerful mineral 
properties to be found in the famous mountains of Virginia — 
white, red and black sulphur, Alleghany, the all-healing and 
chalybeate, magnesia, soda, alum and iodine; also, the waters 
characterizing the Montvalc of Tennessee, and the Indian 
Springs of lower Georgia, all of which are to be found here in 
abundance, within the compass of this "Magic Vale," said to 
afford a certain cure for dyspepsia, rheumatism, gout, liver com- 
plaints, scrofula, and all kinds of cutaneous affections. 

Only a portion of these springs are in good order, but these 
are the principal ones, and indeed all that are necessary. But the 
wonders of nature are displayed in the disposition of this great 
boon to man — good, pure water. 

The country in which these springs are located is of a rolling, 
undulating nature. The water flows off freely, thus affording no 
breeding places for those troublesome pests, gnats, musquitos, 
&c. On every hand are hills and knolls, suggestive of romance. 
The country around is composed of some of the best farmers, 
who make good crops, live well, and supply the Springs with all 
the products of the land at very reasonable rates 

THE PLANS ADOPTED 

For accommodating guests at this pleasant spot among the hills 
and vales of North Georgia, are admirable, and withal economi- 
cal and attractive. No one need say that a pleasant place like 
this is good enough without some of those incidentals, such as 
music and flowers, and parties, &c. These are all provided as a 
sort of relief from the monotony that would otherwise be the 
consequence. Rest, both for mind and body, is essential to a 
great extent, for all diseases. And while it is not expected, nor 



CHATTANOOGA. €1 



is it necessary for those who visit these Springs, to participate in 
al] the frivoHties of the place ; still, those who are disposed may 
find enough light entertainment to satisfy the most eager. We 
speak of these things because many families wish to spend a few 
weeks in summer at places where it is not necessary to dress 
with the precision and exactness of most of the fashionable 
watering places. It is a sociable, refined, quiet country place, 
where one may live pretty much as he chooses with his family, 
either in cottage or at the hotel, boarding, or keeping house, and 
yet enjoy all the privileges of grounds, music, water, baths, in 
fact, all the adjuncts to this healthful resort, and we are proud to 
speak of these Springs, as they are so close to Chattanooga as 
to give it a right to include them within its boundary' of pleasant, 
healthful country contiguous. The hotel at present is in capable 
hands, as will be testified to by many of our citizens, and every 
thing necessary for comfort and pleasure will be procured for 

guests. 

Sulphur Springs. 

These springs are situated near Smith's Station, on the Ala- 
bama and Chattanooga Railroad, 25 miles from this city. The 
country surrounding is wild and picturesque, and the climate 
very mild and pleasant. The waters are very fine and pure, and 
possess medicinal properties of a high order. This is a quiet 
retreat, within easy reach of the city, and is a decidedly cheap 
place to rendesvouz for a short time in summer. Many of our 
citizens have patronized these springs, and have found them ver}^ 
pleasant. 

Rhea Springs. 

commonly called Sulphur .Springs, are located in Rhea county, 
Tenn., on the Tennessee River, 75 miles from Chattanooga. 
These springs are celebrated for their curative powers in diseases 
of the bowels. Many remarkable cures have been effected here. 
Especially have Chattanoogans reason to be proud of these 
springs, as several have had considerable benefits from them. 
The situation of the springs is very pleasant. Mountains and 
hills on every side — a stream of pure water from the mountain, 
three miles distant, courses through the village of Sulphur 
Springs. The surroundings are very pleasant. The Cincinnati 
Southern Railway passes within one and a half miles of the place, 
thus bringing it within 55 miles of Chattanooga when that road 
is finished. 

Other Places of Resort. 

Within five to ten miles of Chattanooga are several places fre- 
quented by those wishing to escape the heat and dust of the city 



(i2 CHATTANOOGA. 



for a few days. Walden's Ridge, five miles distant, affords some 
few accommodations ; while for several miles up tiie Tennessee 
\alley, at the base of the ridge, accommodations may be had with 
the farmers. Of Lookout Mountain, a favorite resort of Chatta- 
noogans, we speak in another place. 

There is no lack of pleasant places all around us, and they are 
economical, pleasant and inviting. 

Worship of God in the Early Days of Chattanoog-a. 

The number of churches in our midst is a gratifying source of re- 
flection. Although we may not be designated as a city of churches, 
still it may not be amiss to say that, in the matter of places of 
worship, both for white and colored, our city is not to be ex- 
ceeded by any other of equal population and advantages. 

The first place of worship in Ross' Landing, was in a little log 
cabin which stood on the lot where the Methodists subsequently 
erected their Church, on Fifth, between High and Lookout 
Streets. This house is still standing, and is the property of the A. 
M. E. Church. The log cabin has been razed to the ground 
log ago, but its reminiscences linger with us still in the minds of 
those who remember the events of 1837-8, ere yet the town was 
laid off into lots. Among the preachers were, R.e\'. T. C. Atkins, 
late Presiding Elder of the Methodist Chuch, South, in this city, 
and Rev. — Hicks. 

THE FIRST ORGANIZ.^TION OF A CHURCH 

in the town, was June 21, 1840, when a small band of Christians 
met and laid the foundation of the First Presbyterian Church. 
The original members are all dead, save the following, so far as 
can be ascertained : W. W. Anderson, Robert M. Hooke, Henry 
and Elizabeth Jones, Lucy A. McFarland, Caroline L. Smith, 
Mary L. Hooke. The first minister was Rev. W. H. Cunningham, 
and the next. Rev. A. Blackburn. The building was erected on 
S. W. corner Third and Walnut Streets — was used for a while 
as church and school house, and subsequently sold to some 
parties who removed it to a point between Seventh and Eighth 
Streets, on Georgia Avenue, and there used for manufacturing 
sash, doors, blinds, &c. It was subsequently sold to the Com- 
missioners of Public Schools. The lot on which stood this first 
church was exchanged for the present location of the Church on 
Market Street. 

The contrast between the worship of God in earh' days, and 
the present, is striking. Then, a small room with puncheon 
floor, and clap-board roof — now, large brick edifices, handsomely 
finished and a host of members. Then, the old style of congre- 



CHATTAx\0(»GA. tv! 



gational singing was in vogue — now, in many places, the choirs 
do all the singing for the congi-egation. From this brief sketch 
it will be seen that the pioneers of Chattanooga were scarce 
installed in tlieir loo" cabins when thev commenced the organiza- 
tion of churches. This early religious work gave a moral and 
Christian tone to societ\- in the then village, which has "grown 
with its growth and strengthened with its strength." Now Chat- 
tanooga can boast about twent\- churches, and in the superior 
cultivation and moral and religious character of her society is 
not surpassed by any city of America. These considerations are 
of importance to all who mat' desire to locate in a growing city, 
where church privileges and educational advantages, as well as 
business facilities, are offered them. 

Character of the Countr37^ Tributary to Chattanooira. 

For a distance <it" tVom .")0 to 100 miles around C'hattanoo^j;;),, on pvery pide, 
there are hill.s atnl mountains, (relieved by ricli valleys watered Ijy bold 
.streams,) whose pure air, luxuriant growth of tlovvers, and adaptability to 
.sirazing stock, make them vastly beneficial to this place. The river bottoms 
(first-class) and second bottoms produce corn and some of the gra.ss to perfec. 
tion — the former sometimes reaching 100' bushels per acre. They are not so 
well adapted to cotton, but that staple can be grown upon them. The first, or 
river bottoms, are constantly washed by the Tennessee river, which leaves de- 
posits of rich alluvium, thus feeding the growing crops so plentifully as to ren- 
der them practically fresh. The hills and mountains are adapted to fruits, 
grazing", and potatoes, besides furnishing vast trees for saw logs and other pur- 
poses. Rivers and railroads permeate these sections in every direction, thus 
bringing their products right to our doors. 

Inducements to Immigrants. 

The inducements Hamilton county offers to immigrants are 
man}'. Besides good and cheap lands, water power, &c., the 
county has many advantages in other ways. The soil is of such 
a varied character as to furnish employment and profit for those 
wishing to engage in any branch of agricultural pursuits. There 
are some good roads, and others are being built, leading to dif- 
ferent portions of the surrounding country. Numerous streams 
water the county, and fine springs and wells are in abundance. 
The dairy business is one that would prosper and pay well here. 
Stock has only to be fed a small portion of the year. Chatta- 
nooga consurnes a great deal of milk, and no doubt a cheese 
factory would pay if there were enough dairies. The variety of 
soil is such that market gardeners would find a handsome remu- 
neration for their efforts in this direction. Every kind of vegata- 
ble can be grown early, and markets north of us supplied with 
vegetables at very good rates. 



tU CHATTANOOGA. 



Buildings Erected in the Past Decade 

Chattanooga was almost literally without houses at the termi- 
nation of the war. There were but a few either of residences or 
business houses left. Towards the river there were a few old 
bricks left on Market street, and several government buildings. 
To-day may be seen a number of large substantial brick build- 
ings — few wooden buildings having been allowed since a destruct- 
ive fire in 1870. The buildings on business streets are mostly 3 
stories in height, some two stories — all are built of good brick 
and stone. • 

There were erected about one hundred brick business houses, 
and some thirty-five wooden — not including the smaller buildings, 
and of dwellings it is estimated over five hundred have been 
erected during this decade past. In point of architectural beauty 
and design many of these dw^el ling-houses cannot be excelled. 
Terrace street contains quite a number of large, fine residences. 
The fire limits extend over a large portion of Market street, be- 
tween Tenth and Fourth streets, and consequently no wooden 
buildings are erected in these limits. 

To Capitalists and those Seeking a Ne-w Location in the 

South. 

In the foregoing pages we have briefly referred to the attractions and ad- 
vantages the city of Chattanooga and'the country immediately surrounding it 
offers those seeking investments or homes in the South. These may be 
summed up as follows: Great beauty of location; extraordinary healthfulness, 
all the comforts and conveniences of a progressive, enterprising city ; supe- 
rior educational, moral, and religious advantages in free schools, academies, 
and colleges, churches of all denominations, and benevolent and other socie- 
ties of every order; navigable rivers, and railroads leading to every section 
of the Union; immense manufactories, in large number, already in operation 
and doing a most remunerative business; mercantile and mechanical and art 
establishments flourishing; natural advantages for an indefinite expansion of 
all her material interests ; nearness to the inexhaustible coal fields of Ten- 
nessee, Georgia and Alabama, insuring a fuel supply at pi-ices lower thafi at 
Pittsburg ; nearness to the iron supply ; a market right at the doors of all the 
manufactories. These are a few of the points discussed. They have been 
presented fairly and without exaggeration, and are to be relied upon. They 
are submitted with oonfidente, because an examination by a personal visit to 
the city will assure their credibility. There can not be found in all the South 
a more beautiful or desirable place of residence, or investment in any of the 
branches of manufacturing, mechanical industry, or commercial enterprise, 
than Chattannooga. Its citizens will extend a cordial and hospitable wel- 
come to all who come among them to seek the pleasant homes that are to be 
had here at low prices. Those who maj- come will not regret that they did so. 



CHATTANOOGA. 65 



OUR RAILROAD SYSTEM. 

The iron arms of motive power on wheels, stretch out in every 
direction over the State — most of them are good paying roads, 
well built and equipped. Their necessity and great help to the 
country is questioned by no one of intelligence. It is not the in- 
tention of this book to go into details of the inception and pro- 
gress of railroads in the State, but a brief sketch of those in 
which Chattanooga is more directly interested will be given here_ 
Nashville, Ohattanooga and St. Louis Railroad. 

Is a line between Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Hickman, Ky., 
— the main Ime being 321 miles in length with a branch from 
Bridgeport to Jasper 12 miles; and from Wartrace to Shelby- 
ville, 8 miles, making in all, 341 miles. 

ITS CONNECTIONS 

are at Chattanooga, with East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia, 
Western & Atlantic, and Alabama & Chattanooga Railroads ; at 
Stevenson, with Memphis & Charleston Railroad ; at Cowan with 
Tennessee Coal Railroad Co.; at Decherd with Winchester & 
Alabama Railroad; at Tullahoma, with McMinnville & Manches- 
ter Railroad ; at Nashville, with Louisville & Nashville, Nashville 
& Decatur, St. Louis & South Eastern, and Tennessee & Pacific 
Railroads; at McKenzie, with Memphis & Louisville Railroad; 
at Frost's, with New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad ; at 
Paducah Junction, with Paducah & Memphis Railroad; at Union 
City, with Mobile & Ohio Railroad, and St. Louis, Iron Moun- 
tain & Southern Railroad, thus making it the shortest and most 
direct line between the Northwest and Southeast. 

The condition of the road at present is first-class. Gangs of 
men are kept constantly at work between Nashville and Chatta- 
nooga, and on the lines toward Hickman, repairing, relaying 
track, in many instances replacing iron with steel rails. The offi- 
cers of this road have been often complimented on their efficiency 
and general deportment. The line between Nashville and Chat- 
tanooga has had much to contend with in passing through an 
area of rough, but picturesque country, which requires a large 
outlay to keep in repairs. Again, the road was extensively used 
during the war by the government, and as a consequence, much 
was to be done to recuperate the rolling stock, roadway, etc., 
since the termination of the war. 

Principal Towns on the Road. 

There are several thriving towns on this line. West of Cum- 
berland mountain the country is very fine, approaching Nashville. 



66 CHATTANOOGA. 



Among the smaller towns we notice the following : 

DECHERD, 

junction of the Winchester & Alabama Railroad; Tullahoma, a 
very pleasant place, junction of the McMinnville & Winchester 
Railroad; VVartrace, where the branch to Shelbyville makes its 
detour. 

SHELBYVILLE 

is a town of some five thousand inhabitants, situated in a very 
pleasant country, which is highly productive, people intelligent, 
thrifty and sociable. 

WINCHESTER 

is an old town on the Winchester & Alabama Road, two miles 
from the main line. This is the town of schools — has some fine 
educational institutions, principal of which is the "Mary Sharpe," 
a female high school. Good country, fine water, noble streams 
flowing through the county (PVanklin). 

MURFREESBORO, 

thirty miles from Nashville, South, in the centre of a large farm- 
ing section, an old town, once the capital of the State. The peo- 
ple are thrifty, refined and hospitable. 

TULLAHOMA 

is a very healthfully situated town, being the highest point be- 
tween Nashville and Chattanooga, 69 miles from the former 
place. Churches and schools, and other attractions. 

FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE ROAD. 

Capital stock .t(l,.')!>5,2y5.6:-! 

BONDED DEBT. 

Companj''s six per cent, bonds, indorsed by the State 

of Tennessee 1,1()U,OUU.UO 

Company's four per cent, bonds held by United 

States Government 1,000,000.00 

Company's forty year seven per cent, bonds i, 700, 00(1. 00 — $(i, 800,000.0(1 

Gross receipts for fiscal year ending July 1, ls7(i: 1,7,')3, 087.6s 

Total expenses 1,020, (5 73.1^7 

Net receipts .f7:^2,:!(U.41 

Taxes paid 26,295.05 

Interest on bonded debt paid 4:15,000.00 

Two semi-annual dividends to stockholders. 1!I6,000.()0 — 657,295.55 

Leaving a surplus of ^. $75, 068.86 



CHATTANOOGA. 67 



OFFICES, OEKICER.S, AC. 

'Jlie priiK'ipai ortices are at Nashville, Teiiii. E. W. Cole, President: R. C. 
Morris, Resident Eiigiiieer ; .F. W. Tliomas, General Superintendent; C. W 
Anderson, General Freight Agent; R. C. Bransford, Secretary and Treasurer ; 
W. L. Danley, Gen. Pass'gr and Ticket Agent; T. D. Flippen, General Book- 
Keeper. 

The East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad. 

The East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad was chartered as 
the Hiwassee Road in 1836, and completed in 1856. It has three 
termini : Bristol, Chattanooga and Dalton, and it is a continua- 
tion of the two lines from that point to Dalton, with a branch 
from Cleveland to Chattanooga — in all, 270 miles. The officers 
are : 

R. T. Wilson, President; Joseph .laques, V'ice-I-'resident and Superinten- 
dent; Charles M. McGhee, Vice-President; James G. Mitchell Secretary and 
Treasurer; 0. H. P. Rogan, Auditor; James R. Ogden, General Freight and 
Ticket Agent; James B. Hoxsle, Master Transportation. 

The financial exhibit of this road, made at .its last Convention in 1S75, is 
very flattering. The gross earnings were $1.0.59,985 (i5: expense.* of operat- 
ing, $717,542 84; net income, $342,4(i2 92. 

Of these expenses of operating, $245,795 65 were for replacements, renew- 
als and improvements. The car equipment is : 13 first-class passenger 
coaches, 10 second-hand passenger coaches, 10 half seated passenger coaches, 
H United States postal cars, 4 mail and baggage cars, 1 pay car, 1 wrecking 
car, 300 box cars in good order, 21 box cars in running order, 23 stock cars, 
121 coal ears, 63 flat cars, 16 crank and lever car.s, and 80 pump car.s. 

The road is well managed, oflicers polite and trusty, and the accommoda- 
tions verj' good. The Vice-President and Superintendent, Captain Joseph 
Jacques, is an indefatigable worker, and to him is due much of the splendid 
condition of the roadway, the efficient management of the mad, and its good 
financial condition. 

The agents at this point are: Frank Ragsdale, local Agent, and John L. 
Truslow, Ticket Agent. 

CLEVELAND. 

This pleasant town is situated in a very fme country, thirty 
miles from Chattanooga, and is the point where the E. T. Va. 
& Ga. R. R. converges to Chattanooga from its southern deter- 
mination to Dalton, Atlanta, etc. The town contains considera- 
ble wealth, the inhabitants refined and sociable. 

ATHENS 

is midway between Chattanooga and Knoxville. An old town 
with a thrifty population, surrounded by a good farming country. 
Excellent schools, churches, and in a prosperous condition. Has 



t;8 CHATTANOOGA. 



several manufactories that are doings well. 

OTHER TOWNS. 

Sweetwater, Philadelphia, Louden, Lenoirs, are all situated in 
one of the finest farming countries in the world. Above Knox- 
ville, between that place and Bristol, are Strawberry Plains, 
Mossy Creek, Morristown, Russellville, Jonesboro, etc. From 
these points immense quantities of the products of farm and gar- 
den find their way south annually. The trade consists largely 
of eggs, butter and poultry, and all the general products of the 
farm and garden. 

The Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad. 

This road was constructed in l.'^('.9-7()-71, by Eastern capitalists, John C. 
Stanton, of Boston, General Superintendent. It has passed through various 
hands since completion, and is now run by the Trustees appointed by Court 
for the foreign bondholders. It traverses a fine section of country, a distance 
of 295 miles to Meridian, Mississippi. It is destined to become one of the 
principal roads in the South. Its connections are: With all roads centering 
at Chattanooga : South and North railroad at Birmingham ; Alabama Central 
railroad at York ; Mobile and Ohio, and Vicksburg and Meridian road at Me- 
ridian. The road is not in the best condition, having been considerably run 
down by various changes made in its management. A full description of the 
depots and other buildings of this road in this city is given in another place. 
It is one of the shortest routes from this city to New Orleans, and from that 
point to New York. 

For a more extended notice of this road, and also of the WESTERN tfe 
ATLANTIC, and the MEMPHIS & CHARLESTON RAILROADS, see pages 
Htt, S7, and 88. 

Cincinnati Southern Rail-way. 

As far back as 40 years ago the building of this great Trunk 
Line was the subject of discussion among those who deemed it 
of so much importance to the West and South. And when in 
1869, the State of Ohio passed an act which enabled the Board 
of Trustees of the Cincinnati Southern Railway to raise ten mil- 
lion dollars for this proposed road, appeals were made to the 
Kentucky Legislature for right of way through that State, and 
after considerable opposition from various sources, it was granted. 
Real active efforts were now put forth for the first time for the 
direct route to the South. Armed with the.se and similar au- 
thorities the Trustees proceded to ask Cificinnati to raise ten mil- 
lion dollars for the work. This she did, and the surveys were 
made, rights of way procured, and work begun as soon as possi- 
ble after the preliminaries were arranged. 



CHATTANOOGA. ' t^9 



It would be useless to dilate on this subject, as the benefits to 
follow the completion of this Grand Trunk Line have been pub- 
lished to the world time and again; still they are not fully ad- 
vertised. The saving of about one hundred and ten miles in 
distance ; the development of the vast minerals, now dormant ; 
the stimulus given to agriculture and commerce; the building 
up of new towns along the route, and the various interests to be 
subserved by tliose enterprises are of vast importance to Chatta- 
nooga and surrounding country. 

The construction of the road is progressing rapidly, and the fin- 
ish of the work is first-class. The Trustees will have no other 
kind. 

The routes adopted after careful surveys are : "The Ridge 
Route from Cincinnati to Lexington;" "The Military Route;" 
"The Tennessee Valley Line" — the distance being 336 miles. 
A portion of this country is rugged, and sparsely settled ; some 
portions traverse as fine country v ith as thriving and well to do 
farmers as can be found in any section. 

In this connection we copy from the Report of the Chief En- 
gineer (Gunn) on Surveys of the various proposed routes of this 
road/'made to the Trustees in 1873: 

"At Emory Junction the Ea.stern and Military Routes unite 
and follow the valley along the foot of Walden's Ridge for 
764-10 miles to Chattanooga. The valley is very level and the 
summits quite low ; a grade of 40 feet per mile is the steepest 
required, and the work is as light as on a road through the 
Western prairies. It is very direct, with few and easy curves. 

This valley is well settled and contains many good farms. 
But its chief feature is the heavy deposit of iron ore throughout 
its whole length, besides the vast beds of coal close at hand in 
the Mountain. At Rockwood* these minerals have been largely 
developed. Two fine furnaces are in full operation, and making 
iron as cheaply, probably, as it is done anywhere in the United 
States, as the ore, coal, and limestone lie right together. Rock- 
wood is a thriving place, and would furnish a large business to a 
railroad. ********* 

The third route leaves the valley at North Chicamauga Creek, 
about 1 3 miles from Chattanooga, and follows that stream to the 
Tennessee and crosses just below the mouth of the creek. A 
bridge here would be 1,500 feet long. Traversing the river bot- 
toms, the line crosses South Chicamauga and strikes the Western 
& Atlantic Railroad near Boyce's Station (six miles, by that road, 
from Chattanooga and 131 from Atlanta). A connection could 

* Roane Iron Company. 



70 CHATTANOOGA. 



be made here for the business of that road. The route then fol- 
lows along the Western & Atlantic Railroad for three miles, and 
the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad for two miles, 
into Chattanooga." 

Of the various routes approaching Chattanooga the three 
spoken of above were adopted. 

TOWNS IN THE TENNE SSEF. VALLEY ALONG THE ROUTE. 

On the line of the road in the Tennessee Valley are several 
towns. Rockwood is the first, on the north, 80 miles from Chat- 
tanooga. Here is the center of a vast mineral deposit, and will 
no doubt be much benefited by the road. 

Sulphur Springs, about I ^^ miles east of the road is situated 
in the midst of a fine farming country, and will ultimately reap 
benefits from it. 

Washington is the next town, contiguous to the road, and is 
four miles distant in an easterly direction. 

Smith's X Roads, through which the road passes, is forty 
miles from Chattanooga. It is well situated for a town, and 
some very fine mineral deposits are contiguous to the place. 

No doubt new towns will spring up all along this line, and the 
old places will receive fresh impetus. 

PROGRESS OF THE WORK : 

About 250 miles grading has been completed, and most of 
the iron bridges for the same finished and put in place ; the ma- 
sonry for this distance is also about complete. The mountain 
work is nearly finished, leaving but about eighty-six miles of the 
easiest grading yet to be done. The contracts are pretty well all 
let out, and work is progressing finely. It is quite certain that 
by the first of July, 1877, this great Trunk Line will be opened 
for business — a saving in distance of one hundred and ten miles ! 
between Chattanooga and Cincinnati. 

The Lookout Flour Mills. 

were built October, 1871, just opposite and within a few feet of the Alabama 
& Chattanooga Railroad Depots, on Market street. The building was of brick, 
three stories and an attic, large, well constructed, with splendid machinery, 
everything complete, H. C. Chapman & Co., proprietors. For nearlj' four 
j'ears the mills were busy and prosperous, when in February, 1875, amid the 
darkest period of Chattanooga's new birth, when business was entirely sus- 
pended to battle the watery elements, the dread fire-fiend descended upon us 
and reduced this fine piece of property to ashes. Immediately, Colonel M. A. 
Gee, one of the late proprietors, began their reconstruction on Union street, a 



CHATTANOOGA. , 71 



few steps south of the old site. In July of the same year, tliey were com- 
pleted, with a better set of machinery, larger capacity, and many other ad- 
vantages. The engine was built by the Wason Car and Foundry Company, of 
this city. The proprietors, Messrs. M. A. Gee and W. E. Rockwood, are in- 
defatigable workers, and are building up a tine trade in the country contigu- 
ous to this cit.y. When our farmers appreciate the importance of using the 
best of seed for wheat, and then of thoroughly cleaning it for market, our 
mills can furnish a larger supply of flour and thus add to Chattanooga's al- 
ready growing trade. 

The Ohattanoogfa Flouring- Mills. 

were built since the war, by Daniel Kaylor, Esq., an old resident of this city. 
They were reconstructed out of a building erected by the Government during 
the war. 

These mills have encountered many reverses, from various causes. A lack 
of wheat has, every year, prevented their usefulness from becoming more ap- 
preciated. For awhile, however, these mills made money, and were in a fair 
way to become largely remunerative. They are situated between the two 
spurs of the extreme northern points of Cameron Hill, near the Tennessee 
river. The capacity of these mills is ten barrels per day. The flour made 
is of a good quality, and finds a ready market. Like the other mills, these 
also feel the need of a better supply of good wheat. There is no reason why 
Chattanooga should not become the center of a large flour market. The 
countr,y around is very favorable to the raising of wheat, and the transporta- 
tion facilities are constantly increasing, so that the time is not far distant 
when farmers can market their grain here at as good rates to both consumer 
and producer as Western markets. The difficulty is simply in the quantity and 
quality, and this will be remedied sooner or later. 

Newspapers and Printing- Establishments. 

There are two daily newspapers published in the city, and one weekly paper, 
and three monthly advertising sheets. The Commerci.il, Republican in poli- 
tics, was established in this city in 1873, by the "Commercial Publishing Com- 
pany," and is now published by that Company. It is a neatly printed paper, 
at $6 per year. One of its original founders, Robert S. Kindrick, has died 
since it was established. Peace to his ashes. 

The Ti.MES was established in 1870 by Kirbj^ & Gamble, and is now pub- 
lished by Patten & Pajaie. It is Democratic. Daily, $10, and weekly $2 per 
annum. It is the same size as the Commercial. The Times has a very good 
job office attached, and can turn out some very creditable work. 

The Tennessee Journal is a weeklj' Republican paper, established here in 
February of this year. It is published by Dr. G. A. Gowin, at $2 per annum. 

OTHER PUBLICATIONS. 

The Glass Journal is a very neat little eight page paper, devoted to the 
business its name indicates. Published monthly by Prof. P. C. Wilson, at 50 
cents per annum. 

The Hardware Journal is an eight page paper, by Vance <t Kirby, at the 



72 



CHATTANOOGA. 



same price. The last is the Pu'tokial Advertiser, bj' A. Tschopik, jiiatis. 

Job Offices. 

Cupt. C. W. Baker has a ver}' jiood office, and has turned out some nice 
work. His specialty is commercial and railroad printing. 

Messrs. Gamble & Griscom have leased the Commercial Job Rooms, and are 
turning out some verj' handsome work. 

The Times has also quite a well stocked job office, and some very tine ma- 
terial. They have turned out some very creditable work. 

DISTANCES BY RIVER. 
TENNESSEE (upper.) I (Lower Tennessee.) 



From Chattanooga to— 

KNOXVILLE, Tenn 2H0 

LOUISVILLE 205 

LEIPER'S LAND'G Ui.s 

LENOIR'S (Mouth Little Tenn).lti5 

LOUDON 150 

KINGSTON i:!0 

ROCKWOOL) 110 

WHITE'S CREEK 100 

EUCHEE <S5 

PINHOOK (or Sulphur Spg's)... 75 

MOUTH SEWEE TO 

DECATUR, (Stewart's Land'g). 70 

WASHINGTON Co 

COTTONPORT (iO 

BELL'S LANDING 50 

HIWASSEE 45 

SALE CREEK aO 

SODDY 25 

BLUE SPRINGS 20 

HARRISON 15 

CIN. SOU. R. R. BRIDGE 6 



DISTANCES 



PROM LHATTANOOOA TO 

NEW YORK 

Washington 



iiglon 
eliihia. 



8o2 

6'i4 

Philaael|ihia 734 

Richmond 687 

Norfolk 6 

Petcrsburt! 5G9 

Baltimore 664 

Bristol 242 

Knoxville 112 

Athene 40 

Cleveland 30 

MEMPHIS :S10 

Corinth 217 

Tustuiubia 265 

Decatur 129 

Huntsville 98 

.Stevenson 39 

New Orleans 6.'i2 

Little Koek 445 

Hot Springs 510 

Dnlla.s, Tex 812 

Mol)ile 425 

Montgoniery 414 

SehuH 276 

CHARLESTON 449 

.-NU van nail .■)56 

Macon 34(i 

Aufjusta 311 



BELLEFONTE 95 

DECATUR, Ala 240 

FLORENCE 274 

TUSCUMBIA 280 

GUNTERSVILLE 145 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
From Chattanooga to — 

Columbus, Ky 13(J7 

New Orleans'. 1800 

Baton Rouge, La 1620 

Vicksburg 2(i77 

OHIO RIVER. 
From Chattanooga to — 

Louisville 1400 

Cincinnati 1550 

St. Louis 1040 

Paducah, Ky., mouth Tenn R.... 800 

Cairo Ills...! 850 

Mouth Kentucky River 1629 

Evansville, Ind.". 1051 

BY RAIL. 

KROM CHATTANOOGA TO — 

ATLAN PA 140 

Marietta . . 118 

Carter.sville 91 

King.ston 80 

Ringgold 24 

Rome 80 

CINCINNATI 446 

Louisville 336 

Bowling Green 231 



St Louis 

Cairo, Ills 

Colli tubus, Ky 
Hickman, Kv 
NASHVILLE 

Murfreesboro 114 

Shelbyville 1 9 

Sewcuee 88 

Decherd 69 

Cowan 64 

Tullahoiua 82 

McMinnville 127 

Bridgeport 27 

MKKllHAN, Miss 295 

Tuscaloosa 198 

Birmingham 143 

Suljihur Springs 31 

Rising Fawn 26 

Trenton 18 



476 
192 
182 
320 
151 



i I 



CHATTANOOGA. 73 

SHEEP CULTURE IN BAST TENNESSEE. 

The raising of sheep in East Tennessee has just about com- 
menced. In years past, it was not thought worth while to pay 
much attention to this industry. Rut since the passage of the dog- 
law, and the consequent saving of much stock, sheep-raising has 
received fresh impetus. Here, in Hamilton county, a great many 
are becoming impressed with the profits and the comparatively 
cheap sustenance of sheep. In this connection we introduce an 
article from Col. Tom Crutchfield, extensively used by those 
wishing to encourage this branch of industry in East Tennessee. 
Also, extracts from an address by Col. J. B. Killebrew. Commis- 
sioner of Agriculture, Mines and Statistics foi" Tennessee, before 
the Stock Breeders' Association. Both articles are standard 
authority. Col. Crutchfield says : 

In 18fi4 I bought twenty scrub ewes and bred them until iHi',') t't a merino 
buck, saving the ewe Iambs and breeding them until isdlt to one ot' Robert W, 
Scott's improved Kentucky bucks, saving the ewe hi nibs tVoui this crop and 
lireeding them to a Cotswold buck. Annually I would cull the flock, throwing 
out all the ewes that were deficient in tbrm or fleece, and saving only the best 
ewes to breed from, and continued to breed to Cotswold bucks to the present 
time, disposing of my wethers and culled ewes for mutton. I change bucks 
every two years, and never breed my buck back to his own Iambs. 

During the time I have purchased some Cotswold ewes, and bred them to the 
same Cotswold buck; to-day the offspring of the Cotswold ewes bred to the 
same buck are superior, either in form, carcass or fleece to those bred origi- 
nallj' from the scrub. My best ewes, those that bring me the best lambs and 
yield the most wool, can be traced back on the mother's side to the native. I 
have bred for the largest carcass and the greatest yield of wool. M.y first 
cross, Merino upon the scrub, not only increased the wool above the scrub, but 
made it much finer and more dense, and covered the bellies and naked places 
of the scrub. My cross then to the long-wooled bucks gave me the length 
requisite for combing wool, and the large carcass for mutton, and still re- 
tained the hardiness of the scrub and Merino, and the density and softness ot 
the Merino in fleece. Mv flock is now, and has alwavs been, healthy. 

I market my culled ewes and weathers for mutton in April or Ma}' after 
shearing, in our own market, at from five to seven cents gross, they command- 
ing a better price than the ordinary sheep, because they gross less and are 
better mutton ; they have averaged me for wool and mutton from ten to twelve 
dollars each. For several years I have sold the Inick Iambs at weaning time, 
July and August, and some ewes to be bred from, at prices ranging from ten 
to twenty-five dollars each, and could not supply the demand. 

Since 1870 I have marketed my wool in Boston, at prices ranging from 
forty-two and a half cents to seventy cents per pound, unwashed, free from 
burs, tags, etc. 

You may ask why I go so far trom home to sell my wool. Simplj' because 



74 CHATTANOOGA. 



I have been able to get better prices — I presume because I come nearer the 
consumer — manufacturer. I had a fine clip, 695 pounds, in 1870; I exhil)- 
ited samples to the wool-buyers of Chattanooga, telling them the amount I 
had; they offered me thirty-eight cents per pound. I sent samples of the 
same to a wool commission house at Nashville, McCrea, I believe, and was 
offered forty-three cents. Seeing in the "Country Gentleman" the advertise- 
ment of C. E. Hay good & Co., wool commission merchants, Boston, Massa- 
chusetts, I sent to them samples of the same, asking its market value ; they 
replied : "If your wool comes up to the sample, it is worth in our market 
seventy cents. ' I shipped to them, and they sold at that price to the Valley 
Worsted mills, of Providence, Rhode Island, it having reached the manufac- 
turer through one "middle-man" only. It paid freight, which is now less than 
one cent per pound, insurance, commission, etc., and netted me sixty -five 
cents. The same factory has bought my wool ever since, and it ranks as 
equal to the best Kentucky combing. I usually get mine to market, on ac- 
count of our early .seasons, a month before the Kentucky clip comes in. 

I have shipped this spring 062 pounds (exclusive of belly wool and tags,) 
clipped from seventy-five head, about fifty of which are ewes with lambs bj' 
their sides. 

.48 TO FEEDIEU. 

My bucks are taken from the ewes about the first of December, and are 
lotted to themselves, getting extra attention (going back to the ewes about the 
middle of August), the balance of the flock runs upon the winter grazing oats 
all the winter and until the middle of March or first of April. This spring 
they were not taken off the oats until the first day of April. 

If, during the time, they are grazing on the winter oats, there is a great deal 
of rain, and the ground becomes soft, they are removed to the meadows, or 
grass lot where there is a sod, and taken back to the oats as soon as dry 
enough. When taken from the grazing oats in March or April, in order that 
it may mature its crop of grain, they are turned to orchard or blue-grass lots 
until June or July, when they go either to the meadows, or the oat fields after 
harvest, where they remain until turned to the grazing oats again, in October 
or November. 

They are fed no grain or hay, unless the ground is covered in snow, or an 
extremely cold spell, freezing up everything. In Februarj' or March, when 
the ewes are lambing, I take them close to the house, where I can watch them 
and care for their lambs. (This season fifty-two ewes have brought me seven 
ty-nine lambs. I have sixty now living, have sold and delivei-ed three and- 
their dams, have lost two that came alive, one of which bled to death from 
docking, and have lost fourteen that the ewes could not deliver, principally 
twins and triplets.) When lambing, if they are limited in pasture, they re- 
ceive an occasional feed of shelled oats or corn, as it may be needed. I have 
had trouble this season by my ewes being too fat, and being uuable to bring 
forth their lambs. 

My entire herd have access to open shelter and salt all the time. 



CHATTANOOGA. 



Since 1864 I have invested — 

For ewes $130 00 

For hneks 220 00 

Total $HoO 00 

f 

Since 186G, I have sold — 

For breeding and mutton, over $1,800 

For wool 1 ,:)00— $H,X,00 00 

I have on hand 78 sheep — 

76 ewes and wethers, mutton price $10 $760 00 

2 bucks, cost 75 00 

60 lambs, at $7 420 00 



$4,555 00 
Deduct oriy:inai cost 350 00 

$3,205 00 
Deduct cost of keeping, an average of seventy-five head for ten 

years, at $2 each 1,500 00 

$1,705 00 
Or a net profit on the amount originally invested in 1864 of over sixty per 
cent, per annum. 

The ewes and wethers are valued at about what they would bring for their 
wool and mutton; the lambs at seven dollars each, about one-half of which 
are buck Iambs, and will be aold at from fifteen to twenty-five dollars each ; 
(fifteen of them are now engaged.) But suppose they are not sold for breed 
ing purposes, and are kept simply for wool and mutton, next April or Maj' 
they will clip an average of ten pounds of wool each, which. 

If sold at 35 cents I .S 50 

And weigh from 120 to 150 pounds, saylHS, at five cents 6 75 

$10 25 

Deduct for keeping, etc $1 50 

Deduct ten per cent, loss 1 00 

2 50 

And they will pay $7 50 

I now have 78 sheep — 

Ewes68, wethers 8— 76 at $10 each $ 760 00 

Bucks, 2 at cost 75 00 

$ 835 00 

Cost of keep 12 months, $1 50 each 117 00 

Ten per cent, losses 83 50 

One per cent, taxes 8 35 

$1,043 85 
I have from them in wool — 
Shipped to Boston 662 pounds. 



76 CHATTANOOGA. 



Gave to the servants three fleeces 26 pounds 

68K at 35 cents.... $240 HO 
60 1ambsat$7 each 420 00 

$«60 80 
Or over .sixty per cent, upon the inve.stment. 

In my former estimates I have allowed tWD dollars per head per annum tor 
keep, etc., when 1 had not the grazing oats; now I have allowed one dollar 
and a half per annum for keep, etc., while I am satisfied that the droppings of 
the sheep and cleansing of the meadows would pay their way. They graze 
the meadows in the summer alter mowing, keep down noxious weeds, trumpet- 
vine, sedge, etc., until frost, when these pests cease to grow; then they are 
taken to the grazing oats, and the tame grasses in the meadows and pasture 
lots put forth with every mild season during the fall and winter, to he grazed 
only when the oat-field is too soft to allow the sheep to be on it. 

I had near!}' forgotten to say anything about the everlasting dog, (the only 
serious obstacle to successful .sheep husbandry). My losses hy the dog for 
several years have been nothing. I have two good shepherd dogs and two 
bull dogs well trained to guard the sheep against dogs, and the double-bar- 
reled shot-guns are always ready. I prohibit hunting on the farm. If a stray 
dog shows himself, any and all employes are instructed to quit work and get 
that dog. A standing reward of lifty cents is paid for each scalp — but a few 
days since I added the twenty-fourth scalp to the string. 

In what I have written I do not wish to be understood as giving preference 
to the cross-breeds or high grades over the full-bloods ; by no means ; but this 
the cost — to a majority of farmers is too great to commence with a flock of 
full-bloods, except on a very small scale, while with a small outlay they can 
commence with a sood-sized flock of natives, using a full-blood buck, and 
soon grade up their flock to produce them as much, or nearly so, of wool and 
mutton, as the full-bloods ; and also a flock thus graded up would be healthier 
than a full-blood flock. 

Nor do I believe that sheep husbandry on a large scale will pay so good a 
profit, from the simple fact that the same attention can not be given them, nor 
would they be as healthy unless the pasturage and range was proportionate. 

I am of opinion that the greatest profit from sheep can be realized by the 
farmer giving his attention to what he can handle with ease, and properly, in 
connection with the other duties of his farm. 

Every farmer can take care of some — some more than others — and what 
will be consumed by them will scarcely be missed, yet the aggregate in- 
crease in the production of wool and mutton would be immense ; and henc e 
the industry being more diversified, the greater importance for protection 
against the prowling dog. 

But, let the flock be large or small, it must have attention, and not be allow- 
ed to "root hog or die." 

* * ■» » * « * ■* # 

Amnicola, Near Chattanooga, Tenn., May 9, 187H. 

Tom Crutchfield. | 



CHATTANOOGA. 77 



Address by J. B. Killebrew^. 

Mr. President ami (ientlciuen i>l the Stock Breeders' AssociHtioo : 

■» * * » * Here in Tennessee we have a combination of physical agen- 
cies that develops the hijrhest types of animal life. The inscrutable agencies 
of climate, water, soil ; the happy effects of variety of food ; the influence of 
mountain heights, extended plains, salubrious air; the abundance of mineral 
substances, that go to make up the bony structures of the animal — all these, 
and many more, may be mentioned as a few of the excellencies which the 
State enjoys generally. The.se natural forces, or agencies, exist everywhere 
in the State, and it is for you to determine how they may be so utilized as to 
confer wealth upon her people. Time will prove that the grasses which are 
the indigenous product of our soil, and which spring up spontaneously where 
the forests are cleared and the. sunlight let in upon the soil, are the most essen- 
tial and the most remunerative of all our crops. 

Take every division ol the State, and consider, it you please, the wondei'ful 
adaptation of the soil and climate for the production of stock. Here is the 
point where the excellence of both sections, North and South, overlap. We 
grow grasses equal to the States north of us, and much better than those 
south, while our climate is less rigorous than that of the Northern States, and 
less enervating than that of the gulf tier; and yet our soils and our climate 
are so diversified by elevations, by trend of mountain ranges, by variety of 
geological formations, that within certain limits we may be said to enjoy the 
climate and soil of almost every State in the Union. 

Beginning on the east, we find two thousand square miles covered bj" a 
double range of mountains, the summits of which, often treeless and bald, at- 
tain an elevation of over six thousand feet above the sea. These mountain 
ranges send out from either side innumerable spurs, which interlock, and be- 
tween which lie fertile coves and rich pasture lands, where the grasses grow 
in summer with almost a tropical luxuriance. And even upon the slopes and 
tops, where the granite soils prevail, rich, black, and friable, herd's grass 
springs up spontaneously, and supplies food throughout the summer to a large 
number of cattle, sheep, and horses. Blue grass, too, as incredible as it may 
appear, flouri.shes upon the balds, clothing the surface with its dark verdure, 
upon which cattle luxuriate until their surloins fairly roll in fat. Nowhere on 
earth are there richer pasture-grounds than upon these "balds." Blue grass, 
herd's grass, white clover, red clover, nimble will, Randall grass, or evergreen, 
mountain meadow, and a beautiful, soft, velvet}' grass, of a deep green color, 
and so very thick that it covers the ground like a green Brussels carpet — all 
these supply a succession throughout the season, from the first of April until 
the first of October, after which time the rigor of the climate checks the 
growth. The co-terminous valley lands, and southern coves, however, supply 
grazing a month or two longer. 

For sheep-walks this mountain region has no superior in this or any other 
country. Not even the fertile plains, and rolling heights, and mountain fast- 
nesses of the Spanish Peninsula, are better suited for sheep-growing. Here 
they may be protected from the cold blasts of winter by the sheltering coves ; 



78 CHATTANOOGA. 

and the fierce rays of a .Tulj- sun are tempered by elevation, and by the gentle 
winds that play with refreshing coolness about the mountain tops. In early 
spring, in the coves which look out southward, vegetation is quickened into 
life by the direct rays of the sun, aided by the absorptive power of a black 
soil, while the northern slopes, rich in plant-food, remain green with forage 
the entire summer. From the head of nearly every cove issues a spring of 
pure, soft water, which, in its rapid descent to the valleys below, unites in fra- 
ternal embrace with other streams, until the surging volume, leaping, and 
roaring, and dashing over precipices, makes the air melodious with the sound 
of many waters. Bordering these streams are laurel brakes and ivy thickets, 
with hemlock, holly, rhododendron, and wild honey-suckle, so dense that the 
rays of the sun are completely shut out as under the roof of a house. The 
borders of these thickets supply a safe refuge from the summer's heat, as well 
as protection from the winter's colds Nor must it be forgotten that flies, 
which are so troublesome to stock upon lower lands, never appear to vex them 
on these mountain heights. The native sheep, as might be expected from the 
of the soil and purity of the atmosphere, enjoy exemption from rot, dysen- 
tery', and other diseases so common among flocks in a low flat region. The 
production of wool in this division is considerable, and the quality is highly 
esteemed. It is white, soft, elastic, fine, lustrous, and true — that is, not 
breachy — but of uniform fibre, with an abundance of yolk. It sells through- 
out East Tennessee for five or ten cents more per pound than the valley- 
grown wool, and is known in the market as "Watauga wool." 

We regret a want of spdce precludes giving the admirable ad- 
dress of Mr. Killebrew entire — the above extracts being but a 
very limited part of it. Enough is produced in these pages on 
sheep culture, however, to justify the assertion that no better 
section can be found than this for this branch of agricultural 
pursuits. 

Will it Pay to Come to Chattanooga? 

The following letter was written by a Northern man, who has 
lived long enough among the people of this section to judge of 
their habits, disposition toward newcomers, and the soil, climate, 
etc. One of our merchants here, Dr. M. Block, is interested 
with Mr. Trepanier, and they together are engaged principally in 
grape growing. The wine made from these grapes is pronounced 
very fine, and like other wines made of grapes grown in this 
vicinity, have engaged the attention of many who know the differ- 
ence between wine of an ordinary, and that of a superior qual- 
ity. The letter will speak for itself in its plain, terse way : 

"Sunny Side, June 20, 1876. 
My Dear Doctor. — You ask me if you could safely recommend our section 
of the country to immigrants, and if men of small capital could succeed on 
the knobs of the Chickamauga Valley, especially should they desire to engage 
in the culture of fruit and the vine. To this query I can only answer by giv- 
ing you my experience. In the winter of 1H70 I bought one hundred acres of 



CHATTANOOGA. 



79 



land of what is called the thin, knobby, chertz land east of Missionary Ridj^e, 
between the Shallow Ford and Bird's Mill roads, five miles from Chattanooj^a. 
The improvements on the place consisted of an old log house, and twenty acres 
cleared land, which was completely exhausted by ten years' successive crop- 
ping in corn, without the return of a single handful of fertilizers. There was 
not a good panel of fence on the place. I had never been a farmer; in fact, I 
had never done one hard day's manual labor. The purchase of the place, a 
horse and wagon, a cow, and a few necessary farming implements, exhausted 
my meagre capital. Now I must make a living and improve the place; so I 
rolled up my sleeves and went to work with a will. Here is the result of mj' 
efforts during the six years of my farm life. I have cleared thirty acres ; have 
now eighty acres under substantial fence, besides several cross fences; have 
built a barn that will compare favorably with the best in the county, and some 
other outbuildings. I have seven acres in grape vines, mostly Concord, and 
as many in apples, peaches, pears, cherries and quince, all bearing abundantly 
of as fine fruit as I have seen anywhere. 

I have made good corn and wheat, and the best of Irish and sweet potatoes 
turnips, and all garden vegetables grow to perfection. To attain this result I 
have plowed deeply, saved all the manure I could, and expended mj' capital 
freely, the latter consisting mostly of system, pluck, perspiration and "elbow 
grease." Should any man wish to invest in the same waj', the field is large 
and the result certain. Should any apply to you for informatioa in regard to 
our section, send them over, Doctor ; lam always ready to show our county to 
strangers, to point out the mosteligible location, and do all in my power to help 
them in selecting a home among us. 

They will find the people courteous, hospitable and obliging, ever ready to 
greet strangers, who come with the intention of settling among us as useful and 
respectable citizens, whatever may be their religious or political opinion. 

Yours, truly, P. F. Trepanier. 

Dr. M. Block, Chattanooga. 

We have only to add that this testimony could be enlarged to 
a great extent; there are but few instances in which the result to 
new-comers in our midst has not been all that could be desired. 
A hearty welcome is extended to all who wish a home in this 
delightful section. The German, French, Italian, Swede, Irish 
will all fmd some few of their countrymen in our midst, all doing 
well as farmers, gardeners, grape growers, dairymen, &c., &c., 
who will greet them with true hospitality and assist them in 
making selections for locating. 

The people here in the rural districts are plain, clever, people, 
and are ever ready to welcome all who come in good faith. 
Lands are remarkably cheap, and plentiful, and just awaiting the 
plow and shovel of the husbandman to make them bloom and 
blossom with the grasses and cereals; and the vine to droop 
heavy with the rich clusters of grape. 



80 CHATTANOOGA. 



Agricultural Products. 

Corn, wheat, oats, barley, beans, peas, tobacco, the different 
grasses, broom corn, sorghum, cotton, potatoes, sweet potatoes, 
and almost every variety of produce can be cultivated with suc- 
cess. Certain localities are better adapted to certain crops. 

Coi'n yields most on the first bottoms, where seventy-five to 
one hundred bushels per acre can be raised. Corn is also culti- 
vated on all the other classes of lands. 

Wheat is raised to the best advantage on the second bottom 
and table lands, yielding from fifteen to twenty-five bushels per 
acre. 

The grasses, especially timothy and herd-grasses, are very suc- 
cessfully cultivated on the first and second bottoms, yielding 
from one and a half to three tons per acre. 

Clover grows too rank on the first bottoms, but does finely on 
the second bottom and uplands, yielding two to two and one- 
half tons per acre. 

Cotton, although not receiving so much attention as formerly* 
has been very successfully cultivated in the county. 

Tobacco is grown principally for home consumption. 

Potatoes (the Irish potato, so called), do not yield well in the 
valleys, except for early use, but they grow to perfection on the 
table-lands. Potatoes grown on Lookout Mountain ard Wal- 
den's Ridge have all the flavor, dryness and "keeping qualities" 
of any produced in Northern climates. Their cultivation, in the 
localities named, for the home and Southern market can be made 
the source of much profit. 

Siveet potatoes do well in the valleys. The other products 
named can all be cultivated successfully. 

Garden vegetables of all kinds, except cabbage, do well, but are 
not produced in sufficient quantity to supply the Chattanooga 
market. Their production for this and the more Southern mar- 
kets would be a permanent and remunerative business. 

Hortic7ilt7tral Products. — Apples, peaches, pears, apricots, 
quinces, cherries, grapes, plums, berries and figs are produced in 
the county. The most of these do well. The lower bottom 
lands are not adapted to fruit culture, but the uplands and table- 
lands are. 

The apple does not do so well here as in a more Northern 
climate. This fruit does not keep well. 

The peach is regarded as well adapted to this climate, but the 
nature of the fruit, and the proper manner of taking care of the 



CHATTANOOGA. 



tree, must be well understood in order to make it equal, in quali- 
ty and yield, to that of more Northern localities, where its culti- 
vation is a study. 

On Walden's Ridge and Lookout Mountain apples grow very 
line. Some qualities are capable of being kept as long as those 
grown anywhere. This has been tested in a limited way only ; 
but enough is known to justify the assertion that no better country 
exists than the table-lands for fruit-growing. But, of course, it 
must be in a locality with the necessary condition of atmosphere, 
climate and soil. This can be found in many places. The lands 
can be bought at from one to five dollars per acre on the summit. 
Sand Mountain is excellent for fruit also. 

Manufactures in Process of Construction. 

The advantages of nearness to coal supply, water, timber, &c., 
that Chattanooga enjoys, is attracting the attention of capitalists, 
more than ever before, and as a consequence, manufactures of 
various kinds are being erected here, or are in contemplation. 

The Tennessee Iron and Steel Company 

This enterprise was established in this city in June of this year, 
and as soon as material could be had the construction of the 
necessary buildings begn . The stockholders have elected the 
following Board of Directors, to hold until January, 1877, when 
the first annual, regular meeting will be held. The following 
are the Directors : Lewis Schofield, Sr., O. L. Packard, Lewis 
Schofield, Jr., J. W. James, J. W.McCrath. 

President, Lewis Schofield, Sr.; O. L. Packard, Treasurer and 
Agent ; L. Schofield, Jr., Secretary and Assistant Manager. 

It is proposed to manufacture a first-class article of merchant 
and bar iron rail splices, ec. The facilities will be all that is de- 
sired. The machinery is of the latest and most approved order, 
and is now being put in place at the Company's works on James 
street. 

The machinery is all of the best quality with new and im- 
proved paterns. The engine is 106 horse power, made by F. D. 
Crummer, Detroit Michigan. The boilers were made by the 
Erie (Pa.) Iron Works; a small mill train by J. L. Lewis, Pitts- 
burgh, also an improved steam shear; the bar mill was made in 
Atlanta, Ga. i 

This is another one of those evidences of our superior advan- 
tages in iron manufacture, and is destined to become, it is hoped, 
one of Chattanooga's large and important enterprises. Mr. Louis 
Schofield, Sr., has had a partiality for Chattanooga for a number 
of years. About twenty years ago he predicted that this would 



H2 CHATTANOOGA. 



be the place for rolling mills, iron works, etc. He then desired 
to locate here, but was overruled by interested parties and con- 
structed a large rolling mill at Atlanta, Ga. After all these years 
of prosperity, and, latterly, of misfortune owing to the over-pro- 
duction of iron, dearness of fuel, etc., he comes to Chattanooga 
knowing that he has at last found the place that contains all the 
elements for a decided success. 

The works are constructed on the Nashville. Chattanooga & 
St. Louis, and Alabama & Chattanooga Railroads, convenient for 
loading and unloading. 

The Ghattauoog-a Tannery. 

Messrs. J. B. Hoyt & Co., have about completed the main part 
of their large tannery, on the Tennessee river banks, near the 
blast furnace. This extensive industry is backed by capital and 
experience, and is destined to become one of the largest enter- 
prises of which we may justly boa.st. 

The dimensions of the works so far constructed are : Yard 
and beam house building, 340 by 42 feet; bark mill, 52 by 32 ; 
bark sheds, 140 by 40, and 140 by 56 — to be increased 40 feet in 
length. The engine is a 40 horse. The stack, now completed, 
is 70 feet high. It is proposed to add to these buildings from 
time to time, until the tannery shall be one of the largest in this 
section of country. The Company owns some twenty acres, 
which is fenced in. and through which is a side-track from the 
rolling mill switch, running up to the yard and beam house 
building. The machinery will be of the latest and most im- 
proved kind, and is now being put in, preparatory to starting up 
in September of this year. This Company will do only tanning; 
their leather will be prepared completely here for the curriers' 
hands. 

"Waters & Go's Saw Mill. 

Messrs. O. E. Waters & Co. are just completing a large saw 
mill, just above the rolling mill, on the river. This mill is sub- 
.stantially built, above high water mark, and will have a sawing 

capacity of feet per day. Being on the river and near the 

side-track of the rolling mill, they may enjoy all facilities for 
getting stock, and shipping on cars without much extra draw- 
ing with teams. 

Another Enterprise. 

The Dayton Saw Works are about establishing in this city a 
repair shop for all kinds of saw and mill machinery. This is pre- 
liminary to the erection of their extensive manufactory of saw 
mill machinery this year. Thev are practical men, with capital 



CHATTANOOGA. 



and energy, and have selected Chattanooga as a most favorable 
spot for a manufactory of this character. They are eminently 
right — the more the better, for all concerned. 

THE CHATTANOOGA, KINGSTON AND KNOXVILLE PACK- 
ET COMPANY. 

Recognizing the fact that by a combination of capital and en- 
ergy, and a united effort in the direction of system, regularity 
and uniformity in freight and passenger tariff, the steamboat busi- 
ness could be made more profitable and satisfactor)-, a company 
has been formed in this place with the above title. The owners 
and masters of the following steamers plying on the Tennessee 
River and its tributaries form the company: The "R. M. Bishop," 
" J. T. Wilder," " City of Knoxville," " R. C. Jackson," " Lucy 
Coker," " Ida" and ' May Bell " A charter has been applied for 
and the company formed, stock taken, and officers elected : Jos. 
Glover, Superintendent; W. P. Kindrick, Secretary and Treasurer. 
The Company's office will be in this city, and agencies will be 
made at other points whenever necessary. Among those who 
compose this Company are some of the oldest and trustiest river 
men: Captain W. C. Henegar, Robt. Allison, Jesse B. Allison, 
J. B. Lowry, etc. 

Mail Boats. 

The Company will carry the mail to Rockwood, iio miles 
from Chattanooga, on the Tennessee river. Boats will run reg- 
ularly in this line, and depart on time — thus giving an assurance 
of regularity and punctuality in this important means of trans- 
portation. 

The river trade is destined, under this new arrangement, to 
become of much more importance than heretofore. With the 
improvement of the river, the wharf improvement in this city, 
and the proper management, this Company can become very 
useful to those living on the line of the river, anci its many trib- 
utaries. 

PRINCIPAL TOWNS NEAR CHATTANOOGA. 

South Pittsburg. 

An English Company of capitalists, "The Southern States Land, Coal and 
Iron Company," have purchased a large lot of lands, inciuding coal and iron 
at Battle Creek twenty miles from Chattanooga, and twelve miles from Jas- 
per, for the purpose of building extensive iron works. The spot selected for a 
town is one of manj- advantages, in point of healthfulness, nearness to mar- 
ket, and the plentiful supply of coal and iron. The Companj- have laid off a 
town into lots, are erecting buildings for business and residences, laid off 



84 CHATTANOOGA. 

streets, and are making all the necessary preparation for a town. A boarding 
house of about twenty rooms with all modern conveniences, and in a very 
substantial manner, bespeaks their good sense and forethought. It is 
proposed to encourage the building up of this new "Pittsburg of the South," 
bj' all honorable and legitimate means. The amount of money expended in 
advance of any improvements, has encouraged the people of that section to 
look for some handsome developments ere long. The country contiguous is 
favorable to agriculture — the land is very fine, well watered and timbered, and 
produces in splendid quality and quantity; while the mountains and ridges 
all around the new town, and contiguous, are full of mineral wealth. This 
development will be of considerable benefit to Chattanooga, as this is the cen- 
tral iron market of the South, and is fast becoming recognized as the focus 
around which will congregate all kind of manufactures — more especially of 

iron 

Our merchants and business men should encourage trade in that direction 
as it will one day be an important item to them. 

Jasper. 

This is the county seat of Marion county — a place of about 500 inhabitants- 
situated six miles north of the Tennessee river, in Sequachee Valley. .Fasper 
is a very old town, and from it has emanated some of Tennessee's finest 
scholars and noblest women. The town has been much neglected since the 
war, until very recently, when the few remaining inhabitants determined to 
make an effort to redeem it. There are few business houses, but some very 
nice residences, and the people are clever, sociable and well to do. The Val" 
ley Herald is the name of a very good little weekly paper published at this 
point. A railroad runs to this place from Chattanooga, a distance of thirty- 
seven miles, and the extension eight miles above Jasper, up the Valley, is pro- 
gressing. This will add considerable to the trade. The best of bottom and 
upland can be bought around Jasper at from $5 to $25 per acre. 

The Towns of the County are mentioned in their appropriate place, as also 
are those contiguous to Chattanooga on tlie lines of the Railroad.s. 

Ohattanooga as a Manufacturing Point. 

Chattanooga possesses all the elements necessary to make it a 
great manufacturing center. 

J. It has a healthy location and a salubrious climate. 

2. It has ample facilities for transportation and distribution. 

3. Its market for all manufactures is near and large, and the 
demand constantly increasing. 

4. It is immediately surrounded by all the materials, inex- 
haustible in quantity and superior in quality, which enter into the 
production of the leading manufactures. 

With reference to the manufacture of iron, the advantages are 
so unusual that it seems as though nature, in the combination of 
the material elements here made by her hand, intended this point 
to be the great center for its production. 



CHATTANOOGA. 85 



Chattanooga, situated near the Alleghany coal fields, pos- 
sesses the element first in importance in the economical produc- 
tion of iron, viz : good coal, abundant and cheap. 

Veins of iron ore underlie the very city, divide the surround- 
ing hills, and stretch away into the regions beyond, side by side 
with the veins of coal. 

In juxtaposition with the coal and iron are found the sand- 
stone and fire-clay necessary to the con.struction of furnaces, and 
the limestone necessary for the smelting of the eres. Over these 
treasures grow forests of valuable timber. These wonderful 
mineral deposits have already attracted the attention of manu- 
facturers and capitalists, both in this country and in Europe, and 
large investments have been made and important enterprises or- 
ganized. 

The cost of transporting the iron ores to the manufacturing 
centers of the Northern States, and the changed condition of the 
coal supply in England, will make Chattanooga, in no distant 
future, the Pittsburg of the South, and the Birmingham of 
America. 

The cost of the production of pig iron in the vicinity of Chat- 
tanooga, whether by hot or cold blast, and whether with char- 
coal or coke, ranges from $15 to $25, the average being below 
$18. The result depends somewhat upon surroundings, but 
more on scientific knowledge and judicious management. 

The above is taken from the "Resources of Tennessee." 
Since that article was prepared, several changes have taken place. 
Iron is made somewhat cheaper than in 1873 — the Chattanooga 
Iron Works are turning out a superior quality, at rates that jus- 
tify us in .stating that as a point for manufacturing this important 
staple, Chattanooga cannot be excelled. The cost of produc- 
tion of pig iron is not more than at other points, and not so 
much as at others. Chattanooga received her name — "Pittsburg 
of the South" — because of her superior advantages for making 
iron. When this becomes thoroughly known, nothing can keep 
her from realizing the full benefits of the riches of nature's hand- 
iwork. 



86 



CHATTANOOGA. 



STYLE OP MANUFACTURES, NO. HANDS EMPLOYED, ETC., 
IN CHATTANOOGA. 



NO. HOUSES. 



STYLE OF MANUFACTORY. 



NO. HANDvS 
EMPLOYED. 



ANNUAL SALES. 



Agricultural Implements 

Blast Furnace 

Boilers and Sheet Iron 

Brass Foundries 

Barrels 

Brick 

Car Works 

Candy 

Carriages, Buggies & wa-gons.. 

Cigars 

Contractors and Building 

Cornice 

Furniture 

Foundries 

Foundries & Mach Shops 

Fire Brick Works 

Gas Works 

Ice Factory 

Mills, corn 

Mills, flour 

Marble Works 

Mineral Water 

Railroad Bails 

Planing Mills 

Printing 

Pumps and Piping 

Saddlery and Harness 

Wood Turning 

Yawls and Skiffs 



2.') 


$ 2,000 
275,000 


5 


7,000 


2 


4,000 
500 


75 
35 


210,000 
100,000 


3 

20 


15,000 
X 34,000 


3 
40 


.3,000 
100,000 


13 


65,000 


12 


15,000 


(■) 


...liOU 


15 


12,000 


33 

5 
4 

9 

- 

15 


30,000 

10,000 

10,000 

150,000 

290,000 


2 


10.000 


5 


25,000 


>00 


1,650,000 


30 


55,000 


40 


36,000 


10 


50,000 


10 
2 


14,000 
3,000 


4 


1,000 



Making the number of hands worked, 016; annual sales $ 3,169,500. 

The above figures are, in the main, correct. When appHed to 
the larger works they may be invariably relied upon — some of 
the smaller are placed under rather than above the capacity, or 
annual sales. This does not include many of the minor manu- 
factories, such as boots and shoes, etc. In these estimates it is 
simply designed to give some idea of the manufactories of Chat- 
tanooga at present. It is safe to say that with those at present 
under construction, the next year will witness a considerable 
gain. For a city of i2,ooo inhabitants, under all the circum- 
stances, it can with impunity be said, that this cannot be excelled 
by any city of equal size. 

The Memphis and. Charleston Bailroad. 

This road was built to Stevenson, Alabama, in 1856, simulta- 
neously with the completion of the Nashville & Chattanooga 



CHATTANOOGA. 87 



Railroad. It penetrates the great Mississippi Valley, and in its 
connections and ramifications extends over a distance of three 
hundred and twenty-eight miles, uniting Chattanooga and Mem- 
phis, as it were, with an iron clasp. 

ITS CONNECTIONS : 

At Memphis, with Memphis & Little Rock ; Mississippi & 
Tennessee, and Memphis & Louisville Railroads, and with Missis- 
sippi, White and Arkansas rivers steamers. At Moscow the 
Somerville branch diverges. At Grand Junction with New Or- 
leans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad. At Middleton, Junction 
of Ripley Railroad, narrow-gauge. At Corinth with Mobile & 
Ohio Railroad. At Tuscumbia the Florence Branch diverges. 
At Decatur with Louisville & Nashville and Great Southern 
Railway. At Stevenson with Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad. 
At Chattanooga with East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia ; West- 
ern & Atlantic, and Alabama & Chattanooga Railroads. 

The Western and Atlantic Railroad. 

This important link between Chattanooga and Atlanta, Ga., 
a distance of 138 miles, is leased from the State of Georgia by a 
Company of gentlemen, with the following officers : 

Joseph E. Brown, President; E. W. Cole, Vice-President; W. 
C. Morrill, Secretary and Treasurer; Wm. McRae, Superinten- 
dent ; B. W. Wrenn, General Passenger Agent; D. W. Apple, 
General Ticket Agent; C. W. Anderson, General Freight Agent, 
Nashville ; and R. A. Anderson, General Freight Agent, At- 
lanta. 

CONNECTIONS OF THE "KENNES.\W ROUTE." 

At Chattanoga, with railroads diverging ; at Dalton, with 
East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia, and Selma, Rome and 
Dalton Railroads; at Kingston, with Rome Railroad; at Carters- 
ville, with Cherokee railroad ; at Atlanta, with Macon & Western, 
Atlanta & West Point, and Georgia Railroads ; at Newnan, with 
Savannah, Griffin & North Alabama Railroad ; at West Point, 
with Western Railroad of Alabama ; at Opelika, with Savannah 
and Memphis and East Alabama and Cincinnati Railroads ; at 
Chehaw, with Tuskogee railroad ; at Montgomery, with Mobile 
and Mantgomery; Montgomery and Eufaula, and South and 
North Alabama railroads. 

The road is in good hand.s — that is to say, they have first-class 
equipments, make close connections, have all the conveniences 
and comforts of a good road, and have the reputation of treat- 
ing travellers with every courtesy. Their trains are all equipped 



88 CHATTANOOGA. 



with the Westinghouse air brake, thus affording a safe means of 
stopping immediately. 

The Alabama and Ohattanooga Railroad — Continued. 

The Trustees for the bondholders are : David A. Wells, Robt. 
H. Smith, W. D. Dunn. The officers at this point are : Charles 
P. Ball, General Superintendent; F. L. Wadsworth, Assistant 
Superintendent ; R. A. Bacon, General Freight and Passenger 
Agent ; H. W. Crittenden, Auditor ; John McVey, Superinten- 
dent motive power and shops ; Thomas I. Hewlitt, Superinten- 
dent Telegraph. 

The status of this road will not appear in these pages to any 
great extent. It has been sold several times, and is now ordered 
by the District Court, of Alabama, to be sold in October of this 
year — the bondholders having, so far, failed to pay the purchase 
money, as per terms of last sale. 



CHATTANOOGA. 89 



IP^^I^T SEOOlSriD. 



ii^UVEILTOIsr GOXJlsrT'Y, 



EARLY SETTLEMENT AND COUNTY SITES. 

Hamilton county was formed out of Rhea in January, 1820 — 
the treaty with the Indians being concluded in the latter part of 
1 8 19. It took its name in honor of Alexander Hamilton, the 
then late Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. The 
first court was held at the house of Hasten Poe, fifteen miles 
above Chattanooga. This body had criminal and law jurisdic- 
tion to a certain extent. The Justices, elected by the Legi.slature, 
were: Robert Patterson, John Cornett, John Hammet. 

There were two parties in the county struggling for the as- 
cendency, known as the Riddle part}' and the Rawlings. The 
free negroes held the balance of power for awhile, and no little 
wire-pulling was resorted to by the partizans of each clique to 
control this element. 

In 1840, A. G. W. Puckett, in obedience to the majority of 
the electors of the county, as by legislative act provided, re- 
moved the court to the south side of the Tennessee River, where 
a town was laid out and public buildings erected. This place 
was called Harrison, m respect to Gen. VV. H. Harrlson, a dis- 
tinguished soldier, and afterwards President of the United 
States. 

In 1870, pursuant to an act of the Legislature, the county 
voted upon the question of removing the county site to Chatta- 
riooga. A majority voting in favor of the proposition, it became 
the duty of the Chairman, A. G. W. Puckett, to adjourn the 
court to this place, which was according!}" done. 



90 CHATTANOOGA. 



EXTENT AND AREA OP THE" COUNTY. 

The County adjoins, and is north of, Latitude 35°, the bound- 
ary line between Georgia and Tennessee, and between Longitude 
85° 9' 25" west from Greenwich and 85° 30' east. It extends 
over a territory of 645 square miles, or 263,600 acres. It is 
bounded on the north by Rhea county ; ea.st by Tennessee River 
and James county; south by State of Georgia ; west by Marion. 
Sequachie and Bledsoe counties. The shape of the County is 
irregular — the southern line being twice the length of the north- 
ern. The following are the principal towns in the county : 

Tyner's Station. 

A small village on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, nine 

miles east of Chattanooga, with a good county (^public) school, store, post- 

otfice, &c. Fine farming country around, mostly upland, well watered, and 

lands very reasonable. 

Chi ckamauga. 

A station on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, south of Chattanooga twelve 
miles. Has a store, post-office, depot, &c. Good farming lands in vicinity, 
and reasonable in price. 

Harrison. 

This was formerly the county site of Hamilton county. It is a very old 
place, and contains several stores, hotel, post-office, blacksmith shops, and an 
excellent Academy for young men. A healthy section of country, and well 
watered and timbered. 

Chattanoogra as a County Seat. 

The advantages Chattanooga possesses in being a county seat, are many. 
Besides compelling all the courts to be held here, thus bringing many of the 
people of the county to town, from time to time, it also adds to our number of 
buildings, brings trade that would otherwise not come, and concentrates all 
the interests of the county where it rightfully belongs, namely — where the 
brains and capital, and population of the county are in preponderance. The 
advantages to the county are none the less numerous or important. With a 
large number of the court residing here, all having interests at stake; with a 
place of safety for the records: with a city having advantages of railroads and 
river transportation extending out in almost every direction over the county ; 
good roads traversing the county — all combined, make a large showing in favor 
of the whole territory. But the principal mutual advantage to this city and 
county is in having the judiciary and financial management of affairs right 
among those who are mostly interested. As to .ictual cash values, the city 
possesses more than all the balance of the county combined. As to popula- 
tion, fully half, if not a little more than this proportion, and as to abilty,. 
learning, educational facilities, newspapers — indeed, all that is valuable to the 
proper conduct of a county's business, the city largely exceeds the former. 
Certainly, then, the advantages to Chattanooga are a large item. 



CHATTANOOGA. 



:)i 



Population, Valuations, "Wages 

In 1820, when the county was hrst organized, the United 
States census gave it a population of 821, of which 55 were 
colored. In 1870, according to the same authority, there were 
17,241, of which 4,188 were colored. The estimate placed upon 
the population at present is based upon sources not exactly offi- 
cial, but reliable: it is placed at 25 000. The increase in popula- 
tion is not so rapid as it might be, owing to many causes, prin- 
cipal of which is the lack of proper inducements to immigrants, 
and the old, non progressive style of our farmers. This is being 
changed, however, and many of them are diversifying their 
crops, using labor-saving implements, and growing more vegeta- 
bles and fruits. The northern element among us has done much 
to bring about these changes. 



VALUATIONS AND ACREAGE. 



Dis't. 


No. Acres. 


Values. 


1 


30,875 


$127,372 


2 


25,079.'> 


139,230 


8 


U»,309| 


175,019 


4 


18,1% 


84,017 





19,19(i 


428.127 


7 


5,430 


96.550 


11 


112,348 


133,985 


12 


2,541.^ 


89,870 


14 


f 4,(i86^ 


76,336 




18(; 2-5 


45,956 




^ 1 03 5-6 


372,920 




230] 


176,450 




6521 


216,100 


1.5 


19,579f 


167,985 


16 


19,845 


24,913 


17] 


7,804| 


200.735 



308,743 2.555,569 



No. Town 


Value. 1 


Lots. 




401 


466,975 


244 


509,300 


824 


808,075 


422 


479,660 


6II! 


221,459 


521 


7,265 


'^1 


2,555 


. 2,568l 


2,526,064' 



Value of alljT 
other Prop'y. 



otal Valua- 
tions. 



4,501 

8,474 

16,837 

157,850 

274,640 

3,820 

4,504 

8,4001 

43,4251 

341. 52(1 

221,499, 

126,959 

78,200 

173,289 

1,000 

44,790 



131 

147 
191 
241 

702, 

100 

138, 

!i8 

586, 

896, 

1,413 

803, 

514, 

348, 

25 

248 



,873 00 
704 00 
850 00 
817 00 
767 00 
390 00 
488 00 
290 00 
.565 00 
600 00 
434 86 
074 00 
759 00 
539 00 
913 00 
080 00 



1,508,489 36 $6,590,110 86 



The above is a statement of values, &c., for taxable property of the whole 
county, including the city — Fourteenth District — for 1875. Since that period 
the building of manufactories in the citj', and investments by parties in real 
estate in the County, has no doubt increased the valuations considerably. It 
must be remembered in this connection that taxable property is not assessed 
for its full value, and that in the city of Chattanooga, the machinery of man- 
ufactories was exempt in 1875 from taxation, so that this would increase valu- 
ations considerably. These facts are favorable to those seeking investments 
in this County. 

WAGES OF LABORERS. 



Wages of farm hands are ^8 to $18 per month, and of gar- 



n CHATTANOOGA. 



dencrs $15 to $25 per month. House servants are paid from $4 
to $8 per month. This applies mostly to town and city. 

Rivers, Creeks and Water Powers. 
The Tennessee river flows through the county a distance of tifty miles, 
watering in its course thousands of acres of rich, highly productive land. 
Various creeks. are tributary to the river, flowing through the county from 
every direction, which afford ample power for any number of manufactories, 
mills, etc. The products of the soil find a ready means of transportation on 
the Tennessee to Chattanooga, there to be reshipped for points soutli. In va- 
rious portions of the county are grist mills, but no manufactories on an ex- 
tensive scale. Here and there may be found on some creek, or other stream, a 
small manufactory, where water power can be utilized. The most important 
streams, besides the Tennessee river, are Sale, Soddy, Chickamauga, Chatta- 
nooga and Lookout creeks. The two latter empty into the Tennessee just, 
below the city. The others, above. These several creeks, by proper darning, 
would afford sites for extensive manufactories. Some of them, in localities, 
would need but little, if any, darning, nature having assisted very materiall}' in 
this respect. — Resources of Tennessee.] 

Geology of the County. 

The geological formations of this count}' are exceedingly vai-ied, commencing 
with the Kiio-x dolomite, and ending with the Coal-measures. They embrace 
ten distinct groups or divisions, viz: Beginning with the Knox dolomite, the 
lowest, which we find in the valley lands, we next come to the Trenton and 
Nashville limestones, in the vallej's and Missionary Ridge; then the dyestone 
or red iron ore group, mainly in small ridges, followed immediately by the 
Niagara limestone, black shale, and the siliceous or St. Louis limestone, 
mountain limestone, which form,«i the base of the mountain, and lastly, the 
Coal-measures, which cap Lookout and Raccoon mountains and Walden's 
Ridge. It may be noted here, that Lookout Mountain rests in a synclinal 
trough, or one in which the strata dip from both sides to the center, forming a 
trough. It may be further remarked, that on each side of this mountain, is a 
skirting ridge, rough and sharp, formed by the tilting outcrops of the siliceous 
group, the dj'estone or red iron ore and the black shale, just ag if the weight of 
the superincumbent mountain had bent this flexible mass in the center, and 
caused the edges to turn up. Missionary Ridge is formed by the outcroppings 
of tlie Knox limestone and dolomites, its eastern slope and contiguous knobby 
belt of country to the east of the ridge being covered with the flinty masses and 
gravel of this formation. Between Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga the 
rocks are Knox domolite, Trenton and Nashville limestone, forming a wide 
rolling valley. This valley ])elt further north is covered with rounded flint}' 
hills, making it a knobby region. Will's Valley, on the western side of Look- 
out, shows mainly outcrops of Trenton and Nashville blue limestone rocks. 
On the west side of this valley, at the foot of the Table Land, and forming a 
skirting ridge, the dyestone group again appears. Perhaps more than one- 
fourth of the county belongs to the Coal-measures, which furmish a large 
amount of good coal. — Resources of Tennessee.] 



CHATTANOOGA. 03 



Reminiscences of the Early Days of Hamilton County. 

The territor}- south of the Tennessee river, and north of and adjoining thr 
Chattahoochee river, in Georgia, was still in possession of the aborigines of 
this country up to IS36, when the Senate of the United States ratified the treaty 
made with them, to adjust the ditiiculties about to spring up between the Gov- 
ernment, the Stale of Georgia and the Indians. This encouraged the whites, 
who began taking possession of this territory — the lands being subject to the 
school fund of Tennessee, after the extinguishment of the Indian title. Those 
who were settled on the lands had right of pre-emption, while any one might 
enter anj- lands not so pre-empted, at $7 per acre. This was in accordance 
with act of Legislature, ISM?. In this year, accordingly, a great deal was 
taken up. The year following, this territory of Hamilton county south of 
Tennessee river, called Ross' Landing, became the town of Chattanooga. In 
the several years following, up to 1844, Hamilton county increased but slowly 
in population or internal improvements. Accordingly', the citizens of the 
county held a "Third Meeting of the Friends of Domestic Manufactures ' — we 
copy from the Chattanooga Gazette, Sept. 4, 1844: 

"At a third meeting of the friends of Domestic Manufactures, in Hamilton 
county, at the Court House in Harrison, on Monday, the 2d inst., Lewis Pat- 
terson was called to the Chair, and F. A. Parham appointed Secretary'. 

"After the organization of the meeting, on motion, Col. Wm. Clift arose and 
delivered an argumentative address on the proprietj' of immediately entering 
into manufacturing in this county. The sentiments he advanced, were sus- 
tained by satisfactory references, and his address was listened to with pro- 
found attention. 

"Richard Henderson, Esq., being called for, arose and urged the expediency 
of the steps which hi.s fellow-citizens were then taking to increase the wealth of 
Hamilton county, and emhance the interests of those who engaged in the bu- 
siness. When he concluded, F. A. Parham having made a few prefatory re- 
marks, offered the following resolutions, the adoption of which was ablj' ad- 
vocated by John R. Williamson, Esq., and unanimously adopted : 

"Resolved, That Dr. Troost, State Geologist, be invited to visit our county 
at his earliest convenience, and make a survey, so as to develop our natural 
resources, and that Wm. I. Standefer, Esq., Dr. Wm. I. I. Morrow, and Col. 
R. B. Brabson be requested to correspond with him on the subject. 

"Resolved, That J. R. Williamson, Esq., Dr. B. Frazier, Robert Jack and 
Col. Wm. Clift, be appointed a committee to draw up an appeal to the citizens 
of Hamilton county on the importance of establishing manufactoi'ies, and 
that they furnish a copy of the same to the Chattanooga Gazette for publica- 
tion previously to the next meeting. 

"Resolved, That R. B. Cannon, Esq., Major Robert C. McRae, Gen. Sam'l 
Igou and R. Henderson, Esq., be appointed a committee to designate the kind 
of manufacturing which would be most conducive to the welfare of the citizens 
of Hamilton county, and that they defend their opinions by argument, and 
make their report to the next meeting. 

"Resolved, That the friends of home manufactures in Hamilton county be 



94 CHATTANOOGA. 



requested to meet in this place on the first Monday in next month, prepara- 
tory to organizing' a manufacturing company. 

"Col. B. B.Cannon, whose official business prevented him from ])eiiig present 
at the commencement of the meeting, accepted an invitation to present his 
views on the subject of manufactures. They were highly encouraging and to 
the point. 

"A letter addressed to Gen. S. T. Igou from Capt. S. S. Thatcher was read by 
the Secretary. Capt. Thatcher is a citizen of this county — ;i mill-right by 
trade, and his communication, detailing the cost of erecting and putting in 
operation a cotton spinning and weaving manufactory, was quite useful and 
entertaining to the meeting. 

"Dr. B. Frazier submitted the following resolution, which was adopted: 

"Resolved, That 1,000 copies of the appeal to be prepared by the committee 
be printed for the use of the citizens of this county, and that a committee of 
twelve — one from each civil district — be appointed to distribute the appeal in 
their respective districts. 

'The following gentlemen were named as the committee : 

"1st District — Robert A. Hunter. 2d District — Preston Gunn. Hd District 
—Alfred M. Rogers. 4th District— J. C. Rowden, Esq. 5th District— F. A. 
Parham. (ith District — Samuel T. Igou, Esq. 7th District — H. J. Harris. 
Sth District— John J. Ramsay. 9th Di-strict- Henry B Lusk. 10th District 
— James Roarlv. 11th District — James Gamble. 12th District — John Brown, 
Jr. 

"On motion of Col. B. B. Cannon, 

"Resolved. That the Secretary have the proceedings of the meeting published 
in the next numljer of the Chattanooga Gazette. 

"LEWIS PATTERSON, Chairman. 

"F. A. P.'V.RH.'VM, Secretary.'' 

Thus was planted the germ of those manufacturing interests which thirty- 
two years later have opened out into extensive proportions, and are constantly 
growing, so that we shall ultimatelj- become the great manufacturing center of 
the South. In another part of the same issue is a communication from Mr. 
Thomas White on the subject of silk culture, in which he urges the considera- 
tion of the enterprise upon the people of the county. 

Free Schools of the County. 

So recent has been the inauguration of these institutions of instruction, that 
the county is not sufficiently supplied with buildings, and the other necessities 
of a system of public instruction. But, a beginning has been made, and 
enough interest manifested in the work in hand by the Trustees and Commis- 
sioners to insure their ultimate success. As yet the people of the county have 
not shown a good appreciation of this great boon. They have not recovered 
from the innovation upon their old way of educating, and thus are not pre- 
pared to look upon the free school as the only true system of general public 
instruction that can and will succeed where private enterprises often fail. The 
following, from tlie report of Prof. Beene, Commissioner of Hamilton county, 
will give some idea of the condition of the public schools: 



CHATTANOOGA. 95 



The Public School law of 1873 has operated very beneficially in this countj. 
lender this law schools have beer, established in every civil district. The num- 
ber of persons enrolled, betwen the ages of six and eighteen, was, in Chatta- 
nooga, 2,H87; outside the city, 2,14ti;' total in county, 4,833. The attend a nee 
outside of the city is about fifty per cent., in the city more favorable, as will be 
seen by reference to our article on Public Schools of Chattanooga. 

The schools of the county are established upon a firm basis. Public feeling 
is more favorable to them now than when first inaugurated. The facilities of- 
ered thereby are constantly increasing, and will be equal to all demands for 
fundamental education. In Chattanooga the principals of public schools are 
paid $M(i to .f'.KI, assistant teachers !Jr40 to |5fl per nionlh. Outside of the city 
teachers are paid $30 to $40 per month. There are three academic institutions 
in the county, the North Creek Academy, in the northwest portion of the county; 
the academy at Tyner Station, and the Chattanooga Female Institute. 

Since the above report was made, the Public Schools have progressed in 
a gradual manner, not so much in numbers, as in every other way. The 
proper management of these Schools has brought them up to a high stand- 
ard. Their success is no longer a question. 

The Political History of Hamilton County. 

The information at the writer's hand on this subject, is very limited. But 
enough is known to warrant the assertion that Hamilton county has fur" 
nished to the legislative halls of the nation two of her most gifted sons. In the 
Fifth Congress. Hon. Joseph Anderson was Senator with Gen. Andrew Jack' 
son from Tennessee. In the Sixth Congress the former also served, with Hon. 
Wm. Cocke. 

STATE SENATORS. 

A. M. Cate, (2 terms), A. A. Pearson, E. A. James, L. S. Marye. 

UNITED STATES CONGRESS, FROM THIS t'OUNTT. 

R. B. Brabson, Wm. Crutchfield. 

UNITED STATES SENATE. 

D. M. Key. 

STATE REPRESENTATIVES. 

Dr. Wm. I. I. Morrow, Wm. I. Staudifer, James A. Whiteside, John Cow- 
art, J. W. White, John C. Burch, D. C. Trewhitt, J. R. Hood, George D, Fos- 
ter, John Anderson, E. A. James, Isaac G. Thomas, H. N. Snyder, J. R. James. 
From the above it will be seen that Hamilton county has fur- 
nished the Council Halls of the Nation with several of her sons. 
Did space permit we might turn the eyes of the reader toward 
the wars of i8i2, and later of 1847-8, and .still more recently, of 
i86o~5, where, on many a bloody field, Hamilton County's sons 
poured forth their life-blood for their country, and their homes 
and firesides — this task, however, remains for the historian. To 
these heroes, in peace or war, all honor! — will find a responsive 
chord in every patriotic bosom. 



CHAT'i'ANUOGA. 



Grapes and Wines. 

This is one of the industries that can be brought to perfection 
in this county. The cuhivation of this dehcious fruit has been 
carried on in this section with much success; it finding a ready 
sale south, packed in boxes ; it also finds a ready market here 
for purposes ofwine making. Mr. C. E. Stanley, one of our most 
successful grape-growers, is having great success in this line, on 
Missionary Ridge, four miles from this city. In this connection 
we take a few extracts from an article for the Resources of Ten- 
nessee on this subject. 

The cultivation of grapes, and the production of wine, are des- 
tined to become very important and extensive occupations in this 
locality. Fully one-half of the lands of this county are pecu- 
liarly adapted to the cultivation of the grape. On the light 
sandy soil of Lookout Mountain and Walden's ridge, on the rich 
red soil of Missionary and other ridges, and on the white and rocky 
soil of lower hills, grapes are grown superior to any in the north- 
ern states. The soil and chmate combine to produce grapes in 
greater abundance, contain more saccharine matter, yielding more 
wine, and with a richer "bouquet" than is produced in the cele- 
brated \aneyards of Ohio and Missouri. So far as investigation 
has gone, the Hartford Prolific, Concord, Ives' and Delaware do 
the best, although other varieties do well. 

THE CAT.WVBA, 

which is regarded as making the best wine, is liable to the oidium 
or wine mildew, which has proved so troublesome elsewhere. 
This difficulty, in regard to the Catawba, can be overcome, to 
some extent, by frequent renewals, as young vineyards are less 
affected. Seven hundred and fifty gallons of pure juice to the 
acre have been obtained from the Catawba in this county. Thir- 
teen pounds of grapes make a gallon of wine. With respect to 
grapes generally, each kind of soil and each elevation has its ad- 
vantages. On the tops of the highest ridges, and on the sides of 
the mountains, at an elevation of three to five hundred feet, im- 
munity from early frost is secured, and early grapes can be ob- 
tained for shipment to northern markets. The Hartford Proli- 
fic matures by the 15th o^ J^fiy on the eastern slopes. For the 
southern markets the Concord can be grown on the deviated 
table-lands, and kept on the vines until the middle of October. 

THE CONCORD 

is regarded as the most healthy and productive of all varietie s 
With good care and cultivation, 10,000 pounds to the acre can. 
be produced. Its quality is very much improved in this climate 



CHATTANOOGA. 97 



Grape-vines should be set further apart here than is usual in the 
north, and trained on wires, on account of their rank growth. 

TURNPIKES, ROADS AND BRIDG-ES 

The County is not so well supplied with Turnpikes and good 
roads as it should be. The old-fashion dirt road has seemed to 
meet all the requirements of the farming community — their ideas 
being rather narrow in this respect. But the times are changing. 
One of the results of the late war has been, in this matter, bene- 
ficial. It has changed the labor system, and thus put the agri- 
culturalist on his own right arm for help. Finding that it is not 
so easy to work hard as to compel others, this thing of wagoning 
over miserable roads to market has struck home to them, as it 
were. As a consequence, something had to be done to bring 
about a change. Accordingly a few men interested in good roads 
have undertaken to build a Turnpike in the direction of Ross- 
ville, Ga., a distance of four or five miles from Chattanooga, 
south, one of the principal thoroughfares connecting the city 
with the farming district around her. 

A CHARTER WAS SOMETIME SINCE 

granted Richard Henderson, Fsq., and others, of this city, 
for a Turnpike extending from a given point south of the 
city limits to Rossville, and work was begun on it to make a 
Macadamised road of 3^ miles in length — two miles of which 
is practically completed. The Legislature having passed an act 
giving each County in the State jurisdiction over her own con- 
victs sentenced for a period not exceeding one year, the Com- 
missioners on County Workhouse for Hamilton County entered 
into a contract with the Turnpike Company to finish it, for the 
purpose of making a good disposition of the convicts, as well as 
to improve our public roads. The County Commissioners have 
the right when it is completed, of declaring it a free road, or es- 
tablishing toll gates for raising revenues to pay for its construc- 
tion. In either event, this much will be accomplished toward 
increasing the facilities for reaching Chattanooga from the rural 
districts in a southerly direction. 

The Lookout Mountain Turnpike Company. 

In the year 1847 ^ Charter was granted James A. Whiteside 
Esq., and others, of the county, to make a Turnpike on Lookout 
Mountain, a distance of 2^ miles from bottom to summit, with 
toll-gate priveleges. A good road was cut out on the mountain 
side, in many places of easy grade, and kept up for many years 
in splendid condition. So good was the road at that time that a 



98 CHATTANOOGA. 



fast gentleman of this town — John G. Bynum — drove a horse up 
the mountain to the hotel, a distance of a little over two-and-a 
half miles, in about five minutes! It didn't hurt Mr. B. Every- 
body agreed it was the fastest time on record. But it killed the 
horse. 

DURING THE LATE WAR 

the road was so much used by the armies, that it has scarcely 
recuperated from the effects of it. Still, it is in a very fair con- 
dition ; indeed, better than the average road. The present man- 
agement are endeavoring to keep it up until old Lookout shall 
become a place of general resort as in days of yore ! 

PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF COUNTY~1820-76. 

County Court Cleiks. — Asabel Rogers, Wm. Rogers, James 
Clift, George Arnett, Wm. L. Rogers, Chas. W. Vinson, R. H. 
Guthrie, J. H. Hardie, L. M. Clark, present incumbent. 

Sheriffs.— ChdiS. Gamble, Terrill Riddle, A. M. Rogers, Mat. 
Anderson (two terms), John Johnson, J. C. Francis, James Roddy, 
James C. Connor, Wm. Snow, Milo Coulter, G. W. Rider, A. B. 
Connor, Robert B. Campbell, A. B. Connor, Wm. H. Bean, J. 
C. Connor, Charles B. Champion, present incumbent. 

Tax Collectors — (Up to 1840 Sheriffs collected taxes.) — James 
Rogers, Newton McGill. Ab. Selcer, Joseph Yarnell, W. H. 
Bean, Mel. Adams, D. B. Ragsdale. 

Trustees. — Thos. Stiff, Wm. Rogers (several terms), Alfred 
King, A. P. Hunter, Geo. W. Julian, Je.sse Locke, W. H. 
Crowder, George Curry, W. H. Crowder, up to July, 1875, F. 
Vaughn appointed, and present incumbent. 

Registers. — J. H. Jones, (two terms), Jerrv Jones, (two terms), 
James S. Yarnell, A. G. W. Puckett, R, M. Rawlings. A. A. 
Vinson, John H. Torbett J. B. Peters, (book I covering record 
between 1844-61 lost during war, 1861-5) A. W. Moore, John 

F. Hamill, H. C. Beck, present incumbent. 

Circuit Court Judges. — Thos. Keith, Geo. W. Rowles, John C. 
Gaut, Geo. W. Bridges, W. L. Adams, John W. Hoyle, John O. 
Cannon. 

Circuit Court Clerks. — Daniel Henderson, Dr. P. H. Butler, 
Benjamin C. Conner. B. B. Cannon, (two terms) A. G. W, Puck- 
ett (part of one and two), E. A. Glass, Wm. Rogers, C. W. 
Vinson (three terms), present incumbent. 

Chancellors. — Thomas L, Williams, T. Nixon Van Dyke, A. 

G. Welcker, Daniel Trewhitt, D. M. Key, Wm. M. Bradford, 
present incumbent. 



CHATTANOOGA. 99 



.A.nDiDEisriDj^, coi^:Ee.ECTioisrs, etc. 



On Page 86 read Mills, corn, — No. hands employed, 12. 

On Page 11, bottom line, read 30,000 bu. capacity of Wharf-boat. 

On Page 71, IStli line read HO bbls. instead of "ten." 

On Page 90, 4th line read 85° 30^ west instead of S5° IW "east," and on 5th 
line read 415 square miles instead of "645." 

CHATTANOOGA SOUR-MASH DISTILLERY. 
Messrs. Kaylor & Loring have just completed a sour-mash distillery, of five 
barrels capacity per day. It is proposed to make highwines, also, in addi- 
tion to rectifying, and the abundance of grain and the cheapness of it, would 
warrant the conclusion that this enterprise can be made a success. The pro. 
prietors are well known here, and will make this a paying business. 

FEDERAL, STATE AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 

UNITED STATES INTERNAL REVENUE. 

D. D. Pratt, Commissioner, Washington, D. C. •'"'or the Third Collection 
District of Tennessee: 

A. G. Sharpe, Collector; F. M. Cushman, Dep'ty Coll. for Hamilton & James 
Counties; Lud. L. Sample, Dep'tj' Coll. for Marion, Sequachie, Bledsoe, 
Rhea & Meigs Counties — Offices at Chattanooga, Tenn. ; 

John L. Elder, Dept'j' Coll. for Warren, VanBuren, Grundy, White, Putnam, 
Smith and DeKalb. Postoffice address, McMinnville, Tenn. 

Elisha Chastain, Dept'y Coll. for Overton, Jackson, Cumberland, Fentress, 
Clay and Macon. Postoffice address, Livingston, Tenn. 

UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS: 

D. J. Duffy, Andrew Trewhitt. 
(Chattanooga.) 

STATE DIRECTORY. 
James D. Portek, Governor; C. N. Gibbs, Sec'y of State; John C. Burch : 
Comptroller; Wm. Morrow, Treasurer; Leon Trousdale, Sup't. of Instruc 
tion. Offices : At the Capital, Nashville, Tenn. 

COUNTY COURTS. 

Circuit — Hon. Wm. M. Bradford, Judge ; C. W^ Vinson, Clerk. Terms — 
1st Monday in Jan. May, Sept. 

Chancery — Hon. Wm. M. Bradford, Chancellor; J. A. Caldwell, C. & M.; 
J. T. Hill, Dept'y C. & M. Terms — Second Monday in April and October. 

County— Hon. A G. W. Puckett, Judge; L. M. Clark, Clerk; J. S. Bell, 
Deputy Clerk. 



100 CHATTANOOGA. 



:p.a.i^t ti3:ii?.x). 



LOOicoTJT 3ynoTjnsrTJk.iisr, 

MISSIONARY RIDGE. 



A Fe-w Preliminary Remarks. 

High up above every prominence which surrounds it, standing 
Hke some stupendous figure amidst a race of pigmies, is grand 
old Lookout, full of memories, which its sight recalls, historic 
and full of interest, a very monument of the upheavals and vol- 
canic eruptions in ages past, "whereat the memory of man," 
etc., and in later days of the struggles of contending armies 
above the misty clouds, at foot and on summit, where erst was 
"smiling peace and gracious plenty." Here, then, on this huge 
pile of sand and stone may be seen the fast decaying vestiges of 

"War's grim, wrinkled front," 
which, thank Heaven, is being smoothed o'er by the hand of 
Peace ! 

"lookout." 

This term applied to this beautiful Mountain, is accounted for 
in the following manner: Some twenty miles below Chattanooga, 
in Wills' Valley, may be seen two peaks, or spurs, of the moun- 
tain, which rise up above the summit, and so placed opposite each 
other, as to resemble two huge figures hewn out of stone, staring 
in defiance each at the other — hence the appellation, "Loo^^-at," 
and the corruption into Lookout. 

"CHAT-A-NU-GA." 

This term was sometimes applied to Lookout Mountain, and 
is explained as follows: Cumberland Mountain, and its outliers. 
Lookout Mountain, Walden's Ridge and Raccoon Mountain, with 



CHATTANOOGA. 



101 



various other hills and ridges in and around Chattanooga, pre 
sent a broken and wild view, and, continues the Historical Record 
of Hamilton County: "To these broken and converging moun- 
tains, the word Chat a-nn-ga owes its origin — hence the name 
"Chattanooga Mountains" — being the most appropriate term to 
apply to them in the aggregate, without reference to their dis- 
tinct and separate names, the same having been referred to at 
intervals in traditional history." 

And so, the Indian describing this country to his neighbor and 
his children, himself having seen it, would trace in sand, a rough 
but suggestive topographical situation of "Chat-a-nu-ga," which, 
on being approached by visiting Indians, was easily discovered 
and designated "Chat-a-nu-ga," or broken, towns. Hence the 
corruption into Chattanooga. 

Places of Interest in and Around Chattanoega and Table of 

Distances. 

To Lulah Lake 9 miles 

Rock City 6 " 

Lookout Mountain House, and Cottage Home, 5 

Point Lookout 5> " 

Blowing Spring, base of Lookout Mt. . 4' ' 

Chicamauga Battlefield 8 " 

Missionary Ridge 3 " 

National Cemetery \\ " 

Off for the Mountain. 

In getting ready for a trip to Lookout, engage, the day before, 
if convenient to do so, a vehicle suitable for the size of your 
party. As to time occupied in going, one can visit several places 
of interest, including "The Point," in half a day; but it is better 
to spend all day, so that you may have time enough to make the 
rounds of all the spots of interest near Summertown. Do not 
prepare anything to eat, as any of our friends — Arnold, at the 
"Lookout Mountain House," or Mrs. Ruble's "Cottage Home," 
a hundred yards west of the former place, can furnish you with 
the best the Chattanooga market affords, together with what they 
have of their own raising. 

The Lake, Rock City, Etc. 

If one wishes to see these marvels of nature's handiwork, it 
will require a couple of days on the Mountain to do justice to 
the subject ; but the trip from Chattanooga (nine miles,) can be 
made in one day. 

Rock City is six miles from Chattanooga, and is worth seeing, 
because of its wonderful formations. In another chapter we give 



102 CHATTANOOGA. 



full description of this real city of rocks. 

The Lake, Falls, etc., are four miles further, in a southerly 
direction. 

There are many points of interest on the road to those places, 
which will be spoken of in their regular connection. 

Lake Seclusion. 

This beautiful body of water is distant from the summit five 
miles, in a southerly direction, over a good road for carriages 
and other vehicles. Here is some very fine scenery, the Lake, 
in itself, worth the time and trouble of visiting. It is very deep, 
varying from 50 to 150 feet wide, rippling along over pebbly 
bottoms, anon dashing over little precipices, or narrowing be- 
tween high walls of rock, on either side, rushing impetuously, 
until relieved by a wide surface again. 

The scenery around is wild and beautiful. Flowers of every 
hue fringe the banks ; evergreens on all sides — rocks, falls, all 
together making the place a picturesque and romantic spot. 

About one mile below the main body of the water, is 

Lulah Falls, 

where the Lake precipitates itself over a precipice 125 feet high. 
Here may be seen one of the grandest sights on Lookout. The 
water falling such a height makes a beautiful spray, through 
which the sun-rays display to the eye all the hues of the rain- 
bow. A path, somewhat rugged and precipitous, leads down be- 
neath the falls, where a cave gives ample protection from the 
falling water, and ai^brds a better view of the falls. It is not ex- 
actly 

"Facile descensus est Averni — " 

but it forcibly reminds one of the aphorism. Still, reader, do 
not fail to make this trip if you have gone thus far in your tour 
of observation and pleasure. 

On leaving this spot, you have a ride of about half an hour, a 
distance of 2 miles to the wonder of Nature's wondrous works. 

Rock City. 

Here is a very city of rocks. Nature has displayed with a 
lavish hand her wonderful formations. The first view on ap- 
proaching is 

"the sentinel's entrance to rock city;" 

In this connection, the reader will pardon a little digression 
from the subject that we may give a beautiful Indian tradition 
appropriate to the subject under consideration, one that will 



CHATTANOOGA. i03 



awaken a feeling of interest in every breast ; for tales of love and 
devotion/ such as this, will find a responsive chord in every 
heart : 

The Legend. 

The tradition runs that Sautee was a brave of a tribe between which and the 
Cherokees a deadly feud existed. Upon some occasion he saw the beautiful 
daughter of the Chief of the Cherokees, Nacoochee, the Evening Star. With 
the ardent Sautee, to see her was to love her. Of an impetuous and daring 
temper he determined to win her against all opposing obstacles — the very ob- 
stacles, no doubt, giving fuel to the tlarae. How and where they met, how he 
found opportunity to breathe his passion in her ears and win her maiden heart 
tradition speaks not; btit the result was a repetition of the "old, old story." 

"She loved me for the dangers I had passed; 
And I loved her that she did pity them." 

As no concession on the part of her father could be expected, she eloped 
with her lover. The strength of her love must have been great, for no woman 
ever sacrificed more. She not only sacrificed all the sweet charities of home 
and kindred, friends and countr^y, but the opposition to the match being as 
great in Sautee's tribe as her own, she could find no shelter with her husband's 
people. 

In the extremity they took shelter in a cave in the rock-ribbed sides of Look- 
out. The deep verdure of the forest concealed the entrance. Fragrant grasses 
made their nuptial couch. Game was abundant, and under the shelter of the 
night many a fat duck, turkey and partridge fell under the unerring arrow. A 
neighboring spring furnished water for their simple but abundant meal, pre- 
pared by the deft and loving hand of Nacoochee. The angry father of the 
"Evening Star" had vowed vengeance against Sautee, and he found many 
anxious and disappointed young braves to aid his search. 

At length Sautee was found, attacked and overpowered by numbers, and 
taken prisoner. Short shift was given to the victim of Indian vengeance. He 
was condemned to death by being thrown from the precipice of Lookout, and 
all the tribe was gathered on top of the mountain to witness the sacrifice. 
Nacoochee was forced to be present to witness the death of him she loved bet- 
ter than life. With heaving breast and tear-dimmed eye she watched the dread 
preparations for his death; and yet with a woman's pride she rejoiced in the 
heroic bearing of her lover. Resolute and stern he looked upon his foes with 
bearing as proud and high as when he met them free and unmanacled, foot 
to foot, in battle. With a voice loud and clear as a battle cry, he sang his 
death song. The rocks still gave back the echo of the mournful cadence, 
when two strong braves seized him in their arms, raised him high in the air 
and flung him far over the precipice. While the attention of the tribe was ab- 
sorbed in this tragedy Nacoochee seized the opportunity of their negligence, 
and sprang over the precipice. The last cry upon her lips was "Sautee!" 
"Sautee !" Side by side, one hundred feet below, amidst the rugged rock, all 
that remained of the devoted lovers was found stilled in death. With a heart 



104 CHATTANOOGA. 



filled with grief and remorse, the stricken father buried them side by side in 
the lovely valley. 

The niemorj- of their love and tra^pc death will be ever preserved in the 
beautiful traditions which have come down to us from the days of the long ago. 
Shrined in the wondrous trees, the waving grass, the tasseled corn, the flowing 
waters, the rocky springs, the enveloping hills and mountain.s, their bodies 
only are buried- Their memory lives and consecrates the haunts of nature 
with the mystery and passion of love. 

There is another version as to the manner of the death of the lovers : That 
Sautee was condemned to be shot, and the devoted received the arrow in her 
own bosom. A common flower in the hills and valleys bears what looks like a 
scarlet drop in the bosom of its petals. The beautiful tradition of the Indian 
was, that the flower sprang from the blood of Nacooehee to perpetuate the 
memory of her passion. 

The following views at Rock City, where We left off, and at 
Cascade Glen, two miles north near the old Lookout Mt. Edu- 
cational Institutions, and at other places, will prove intensely in- 
teresting. These views are easily distinguished — especially at 
Rock City. Photographic views of these wonderful formations 
are on sale at the gallery at the Point, or can be procured at the 
bookstore of Patten & Payne, in the city. 



PRINCIPAL VIEWS IN ROCK CITY. 

I. Fat Man's Miserj-. 
z. Pedestal Rock. 

3. Twin Sisters. 

4. Elephant Rock. 

5. Street View. 

VIEWS AT CASCADE GLEN. 

1. Grand Falls, Cascade Glen. 

2. Bridal Veil and Robe, Cascade Glen. 

3. The Rapids, " " 

4. Large Falls, " " 

5. Crystal Cascade, " " 

VIEWS AT VARIOUS POINTS. 

1. Chattanooga, from Point Lookout. 

2. Umbrella Rock, on Point Lookout, 

3. Roper's Rock, where troops scaled the cliffs. 

4. Battle Ground, Hooker's fight above the clouds. 

5. Mountain Road, east side of the Mountain. 

6. Chickainauga Cliffs, opposite battle field. 

7. Sunset Rock on western brow. 

8. Cliff over Alum Spring at top of Mountain. 

9. Saddle Rock, near Hotel. 

10. Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, running under the cliffs. 

11. Lake Seclusion, from above. 

12. Same, from below. 

13. Lulah Falls, 115 feet high. 



CHATTANOOGA. l(ir, 



Point Lookout. 

This attractive place is distant from the summit, or Summer- 
town, about half a mile, in a direct northerly direction. At the 
latter place, on the eastern brow of the mountain, and about fifty 
yars from the Lookout Mountain House, is a huge boulder, with : | 
a large, comparatively smooth surface, commanding a fine view i 
of the country below, with its numerous streams, hills and dales, I 
ridges and mountains. This is designated as 

"Brag-g's Rock." 

Here on this commanding eminence, thirty-eight years ago, 
stood a young officer of the United States Army, gazing upon a 
mighty forest below him, with here and there a rude hut or un- 
pretentious cot — the first of the habitations of the white man 
in the Cherokee country, known as "Ross' Landing." Lt, Brax- 
ton Bragg was among the troop sent to this country by Gov- 
ernment, after the conclusion of the treaty with them, in 1837, 
to remove the Indians to their reservations in the West. His 
eye then rested upon a peacTul, quiet scene, disturbed only b}- 
the bustle and confusion incident to the commencement of a 
removal of a few hundred aborigines from before the advance of 
the aggressive white man. A few years later, the hero of Mexi- 
can battle-fields, in the service still of his Government, quits that 
service to join that of a Government set up by those w^ho claimed 
the right to form a new confederation for themselves. 

STANDING UPON THIS ROCK, 

in 1863, Major-General Braxton Bragg, of the Confederate 
forces of the Army of Tennessee, with field-glass in hand anx- 
iously watched the movement of the Federal army as it closed in 
upon him from Middle Tennessee. Forced to retire into the 
Chickamauga Valley, in Georgia, Gen. Bragg reluctantly quitted 
Lookout Mountain, with his forces, leaving but a remnant to 
keep up a show of resistance on the Mountain. 

In the meantime, Rosencrantz took up his position on the left 
bank of the Tennessee River, and in Chattanooga. During this 
time, Bragg was reinforced by Gen. Johnson, from Mississippi, 

THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA. 

On the 19th Sept. Gen. Bragg opened the fight by an attack 
on the Federal army, which lasted till night, and left the victory 
undecided. The morrow's sun rose on thousands whose faces 
would ne'er feel its warm rays again. The battle lasted till night- ; 
fall of this day, resulting in a victory for the Confederate forces. 
Under cover of darkness the Federal army began a retreat into 



106 CHATTANOOGA. 



Chattanooga, which was effected that night and the day follow- 
ing. 

Leaving the discussion of these sanguinary struggles, called up 
at the mention of "Bragg's Rock," and as only incidental to the 
subject in hand, we proceed a hundred and fifty yards further on 
the road to the Point, and here is the remnants of the once live- 
ly and interestmg hotel, now awaiting the touch of energetic car- 
penters, painters, and masons to bring it our of its rather rough 
appearance. Here on this spot, before the war, were gathered 
as many as five hundred, at times, of the southern beauty and 
chivalry, and the northern stateliness, pride and honor — all min- 
gling in unreserved social restraint, little dreaming of the shock 
of arms soon to resound where they nightly chased the fleeting 
hours away in the brilliant ball room. 

LEONORA SPRING. 

Just opposite the hotel at the cliff is several old flights of rick- 
ety steps, leading down beneath the perpendicular rocky ledge, 
at the foot of which is a fine spring. It is back under the cliff a 
few feet, in a sort of basin which nature had formed for its recep- 
tion from the source. This beautiful spring was discovered by 
the wife of Col. James A. Whiteside, the proprietor of the hotel, 
while that lady was taking a walk around the base of the cliff. It 
was immediately fixed up for use at the hotel — a pump being 
put in and reservoir built on top for receiving the water. The 
spring received its name "Leonora," in honor of the lady who 
discov^ered it. 

A RIDE OF TEN MINUTES 

brings us to the famous "Point" — the culmination of Nature's 
grand achievement. Here, spread out as a panorama before the 
eye is a sight which invariably calls forth the most reverential 
feelings of him who gazes upon the beautiful scene! Mountains, 
hills, and dales on every hand. As far as the eye can reach, 
in a northeasterly direction, seemingly like a mere silver line 
nestled among the mountains, is the Tennessee River, winding- 
its way down toward the sea, washing the shores of thousands of 
acres, until widening out opposite the Point, it rolls around what 
is called the 

"moccasin point." 
The Indians so called it, because of its great resemblance to a 
moccasin. The city of Chattanooga in the valley below, looking 
like a good sized camp; the Nashville & Chattanooga R. R. run- 
ning around the base of the Mountain; the hills and valleys, and 
streams coursing through them, stretching far away into the hazy 



CHATTANOOGA. 107 



distance, enabling the eye to rest upon parts of the states of Ten- 
nessee, Virginia, North and South CaroHna, Georgia, Alabama 
and Kentucky — all combine to "make this one of the grandest 
views on the American Continent. 

roper's rock. 

Just at the Point may be seen this famous rock, made so by 
the fact of its having been scaled by Hooker's men, on that mem- 
orable occasion, of which we speak hereafter. 

UMBRELLA ROCK 

is situated just opposite, and within a few steps of the gallery, on 
the Point. This is a wonderful formation, and is remarkable for 
its resemblance to its namesake. 

THERE ARE MANY OTHER 

places of interest near the Point, which are readily pointed out 
by the residents of the mountain; and which to see requires a 
little longer time -than is consumed in visiting the Point. ^ 

IN CONCLUSION. 

Lookout Mountain has become familiar all ov^er the land to 
everyone. During the war it was the theatre of several contests 
between the contending armies, and more particularly of the 
charge of Hooker's men up the Point. The Mountain begins at 
Gadsden, Ala., and terminates abruptly within 2 Vi miles of Chat- 
tanooga, on the south bank of the Tennessee River, The soil is 
of a sandy, loamy nature, quite productive, especially of fruits and 
esculents. The climate is moderate — neither extremely cold nor 
uncomfortably warm. The natives are a ruddy, vigorous people, 
plain living and comfortably situated. 

INDIAN NAMES OF MOUNTAINS AND STREAMS. 

The Indians designated the mountains and streams of their 
country by names remarkable for their euphony and beauty. 
Many of these have been lost, or are now seldom heard. The 
loss is, we fear, irreparable. Bay's, Stone, Iron, Yellow, Smoky, 
Black, Grand-father Mountains, were once doubtless known by 
names as smooth and musical as Alleghanee, Unaca, Chilhowee 
and Chattanooga. Dumplin, Sandy Mush, Little Dismal, Bull 
Run, Calf Killer, Sweet Water, and High Tower, though suffi- 
ciently significant, would grate harshly upon the ears of a Cher- 
okee, who had bathed in the waters, luxuriated in the shades, 
formed his ambuscade and sung his war-song upon the banks of 
the Allejay, the Oustinalla and the Etowah. 



108 CHATTANOOGA. 



THE BATTLE ABOVE THE CLOUDS. 

On the 24th November, Gen. Hooker began an assault on the 
j Confederates forces stationed on the side of the mountain, just 
■■ below the Point. At about eight o'clock of the morning, the 
i ' movement of the troops began. A cloud hung like a pall over 
i the mountain, thus enabling Hooker's men to come upon the ad- 
I versary unaware. Suddenly attacked, a complete rout of the 
I Confederates seemed inevitable; but they fought with despera- 
i ' tion until nightfall before being repulsed. Those who were in 
; Chattanooga described it as one of the most magnificent views 
j of the grand panorama of war. It was just dark enough to see 
{ the flash of the muskets, and yet light enough to seethe columns 
I of the contending armies. The Confederates retired up the 
t Point ; and such was the enthusiasm of the F"ederal troops that 
' they pursued the enemy up on the very summit, compelling them 
I to fall back to vSummertown, about half a mile. The next morn- 
; ing the Stars and Stripes could be seen by the surrounding 
. country flpating from the flagstaff on Point Lookout, telling the 
I story of Hooker's conquest. The following dispatches passed 
i between the contending generals and their respective headquar- 
i ters : 

Chattanooua, Nov. 25, '(So — 7:15 p. m. 
Ma.i. Gen. Halleck, General in Chief — Although the battle la sted from early 
dawn till dark this evening, I believe I am not premature in announcing a 
complete victory over Bragg. Lookout Mt. top, all the rifle pits in Chatta- 
nooga Valley, and Missionary Ridge entire have been carried, and are now 
held by us. U. S. Grant Maj. Gen'l. 

Chickamauga, Nov. 25, l^i(>3. 
Gen. S. Cooper, Adjt. and Insp. Gen'l. — After several unsuccessful as 
saults on our line to-day, the enemy carried the left center about 4 o'clock. 
The whole left soon gave way in considerable disorder. The right maintained 
its ground and repelled every attack. I am withdrawing all to this point. 

Bra.xton Bragc. 

Bragg's right rested on Mission Ridge, and his left on Look- 
out Mt. a distance of nearly seven miles of line to protect. 

A few days before the abandonment of the Mountain, Presi • 
dent Davis reviewed the situation of affairs in the valle}^ below, 
and concluded he had the Federals "in a trap," but subsequent 
events proved the fallacy of his expectations. 



CHATTANOOGA. 109 



[The following Essay on the Cumberland Table Lands was 
delivered before the "Medical Society of the State of Tennessee," 
at its regular stated meeting in Nashville, in 1875, and it is so 
apropos that we publish it in full.] 

A PEOPLE "WITHOUT CONSUMPTION, 

And some Account of tlieir Country— The Cumberland Table- 

Land. 

By E. M. Wk;ht, M. D., Chattanoo<;a, Texx. 

During the ten years that I have practiced medicine in the iieiohliorhood of 
the Cumberland Table-lands, I have often heard it said that the people on the 
mountains never had consumption. Occasionally a traveling newspaper cor- 
respondent from the North found his way down through the Cumberlands, and 
wrote back filled with admiration for their grandeur, their climate, their 
healthfulness, and almost invariably stated that consumption was never known 
upon these mountains, excepting brought there by some person foreign to the 
soil, who, if he came soon enough, usually recovered. Similar information 
came to me in such a variety of ways and number of instances, that I deter- 
mined some four years ago, when the attempt to get a State Board of Health 
organized was first discussed by a few medical men of our State, that I would 
make an investigation of this matter. These observations have extended over 
that whole time, and have been made with great care and as .much accuracy 
as possible; and to my own astonishment and delight, I have become con- 
vinced that pulmonary consumption does not exist among the people native 
and resident to the Table-lands of the Cumberland mountains. 

In the performance of the work which has enabled me to arrive at this con- 
clusion, I have had the generous assistance of more than twentj* physicians, 
who have been many years in practice in the vicinity of these mountains. 
Their knowledge of the diseases which had occurred there, extended over a 
period of more than forty years. Some of these physicians have reported the 
knowledge of the occurrence of deaths from consumption on the Table-lands, 
but when carefull.y inquired into, they have invariably found that the person 
dying was not a native of the mountains, but a so.iourner in search of health. 
In answer to the question : "How many cases ot pulmonai-y consumption 
have you known to occur on Walden's Eidge, among the people native to the 
mountains?" eleven physicians say: "Not one." All of these have been en- 
gaged in practice there more than three years, four of them more than ten 
years, one of them more than twenty, and one of them more than forty years. 
All the physicians of whom inquiries have been made are now residents, or 
have been, of the valleys contiguous to Walden's Ridge, and know the moun- 



no CHATTANOOGA. 



tain people well. Four other physicians in answer to same question say, that 
they have known from one to four cases, numbering eleven in all, but had not 
ascertained whether live of tliem were born and raised on the mountains or 
not. The names and place of death of all the^e cases were given, and I have 
traced their history and found that but three of them were "natives," or had 
lived there more than five years, and that one of these was 57 years of age 
when she died, and had suffered from cancer for three years before her death. 
The two others both died within six months after returning home from long 
service in the arm}', where both contracted their disease. 

All these investigations have been made with more particular reference to 
that part of the Cumlierlamds known as Walden s Ridge, than to the mountains 
as a whole. This ridge is of equal elevation and of very similar character as 
the main Cumberland range in the southern part of Tennessee, northwest 
Greorgia and northeast Alabama, and what is true of this particular part of the 
great Cumberland table is, in the main, true of the remaii^er. 

Sequatchee valley lies between Walden's Ridge, and what is commonly 
known in that neighborhood as the Cumberland mountains, and separates it 
from the main range for a distance of about one hundred miles, from the Ten- 
nessee river below Cliatianooga to Grass}' Cove, well up toward the center line 
of the State. Grassy Cove is a small basin, valley, which was described to me 
there as a "sag in the mountains," just above the Sequatchee valley proper. It 
is here that the Sequatchee river rises and flowing under the belt of hills which 
unites' the ridge and the main range, for two miles or more, rises again at the 
head of Sequatchee valle.y Above Grassy Cove the mountains unite and hold 
their union tirmlj' on their way north as far as our State reaches. 

Topograpiiically considered as a whole, the Cumberland range has its south- 
ern terminus in Alabama, and its northern in Pennsylvania. It is almost 
wholly composed of coal-l)earing rocks, resting on Devonian strata, which are 
visible in many places in the valleys. 

But a small portion of the Cuml»erlands lie above a plane of 2,000 feet. 
Walden's Ridge and Lookout Mountain vary in height from 2,000 to 2,500 
feet. 

North of (irassy Cove after the ridges are united, the variation from 2,000 
feet is Ijut little throughout the remainder of the State, and the general char- 
acter of the table changes but little. The great and important difference is in 
the climate, the winters being much more severe in these mountains in the 
northern part of the State than in the southern, and the summers much more 
liable to smlden changes of weather. Scott, Fentress and Morgan counties 
comprise this portion of the table, and these have not been included in my ex- 
arainatifjn, e.Kcepting as to general features. 

In all our soutliern countr}', and I may say in our whole country, there is 
no other large extent of elevated territory, which offers mankind a pleasant 
living place ; a comfortable climate — none too cool or hot — and productive 
lands. We have east of the upper waters of the great Tennessee river, in our 
State, and in North Carolina and Georgia, the great Blue Ridge range of 
mountains, known as the Unaka, or Smoky, Chilhowee, Great and Little Frog, 
Nantahala, etc., all belonging to the same family of hills. This chain has the 
same general course as the Cumberlands. It is a much bolder range of moun- 
tains, but it is vastly less inhabitalde, productive or convenient of access. The 
winters tiiere are severely cold, and the nights in summer are too cold and 
damp for health and comfort, as I know by a personal experience of two sum- 
mers on the Nantahala river. But the trout fishing is beyond comparison, 
and that is one inducement of great value, for a stout consumptive who is a 
good fellow. These mountains are much more broken up int.o branches, peaks 
and spurs than the Cumberlands. They afford no table territory of any ex- 
tent. There are some excellent places there for hot summer visits : Ashville, 
Warm Springs, Franklin, and others. 



The Cumberland mountains as a whole are tint, in broad level spaces, broken 
only by the "divides" or "gulfs,' as they are called by the inhabitants, where 
the streams flow out into the vallej's. 

Walden's Ridge, of which we come now to speak particularly, is the best 
located of any part of the Curalierlands as a place for living. From the sep- 
aration of this ridge from the main range at Grassy Cove, to its southern ter- 
minus at the Tennessee"river, it maintains a remarkably uniform character in 
every particular. From it, access to commerce is easy, having the Tennessee 
river and the new, (now building) Cincinnati Southern Railroad, skirting its 
entire length on the east. It rises verj- abruptly from both the Tennessee and 
Sequatchee valleys, being from 1,200 to 1,500 fe-et higher than the valleys on 
each side. Looking from below, on the Tennessee valley side, the whole ex- 
tent of the ridge appears securely walled in at the top by a continuous perpen- 
dicular wall of sandstone, from one to two hundred feet high ; and from the 
Sequatchee side, the appearance is very similar, excepting that the wall is not 
so continuous and of less height. 

The top of the ridge is one level stretch of plain, broken only by the ''gulfs" 
before mentioned, and an occasional prominent sandstone wall or boulder. 
The width on top is. I should judge, six or seven miles. The soil is of uni- 
form character, light, sandy, and less productive for the ordinary crops of the 
Tennessee farmer, than the soil of the lowlands. The grape, apple and po- 
tato grow to perfection, better than in the valleys, and are all never-tailing 
crops; so with rye and buckwheat. Corn grows well, verj' well in selected 
spots, and where the land is made rich by. the cultivation. The grasses are 
rich, and luxuriant even in the wild forests, and when cultivated the appear- 
ance is that of the rich farms of the Ohio or Connecticut rivers, only here 
they are green and growing the greater part of the year : so much so that sheep, 
and in the mild winters the J'oung cattle, live by the wild grasses of the forests 
the whole year. The great stock raisers of the Sequatchee and Tennessee 
valleys make this the summer pasture for their cattle, and drive them to iheir 
own farms and bans, or to market in winter. The whole Cumberland table, 
with the exception of that small part which is under cultivation, is one great 
free open pasture for all the cattle of the valleys. Thousands of cattle graze 
there whose owners never paj" a dollar for pasturage, or own an acre of the 
range, though as a rule, most of the well to-do stock farmers in the valleys own 
more or less mountain lands. These lands have until quite recently been beg- 
ging purchasers at from I'lh to 25 cents per acre in large tracts of 10.000 acres 
and upwards, and perhaps the samecould be said of the present time, leaving 
ont choice tracts and easily accessible places, which are held at from fifty cents 
to two dollars per acre, wooded virgin lands- 

The forest growth of Walden's Ridge is almost ntirely oak and chestnut. 
Hickoj'y perhaps comes next in frequency, and pine after. There is but little 
undergrowth, and where the forests have never been molested, there are but 
few small trees. This is due to the annual fires which occur every autumn, or 
sometime in winter, almost without exception, and overrun the whole ridge. 
It does not rage like a prairie fire. Its progress is usually slow, the material 
consumed being only the dry forest leaves and grasses. The one thing essen- 
tial to its progress is these dry leaves, hence, it cannot march into the clear- 
ings. Nearly all the small shrubs are killed by these fires, otherwise they are 
harmless, and are greatly valued by the stock men, for the help they render in 
the growth of the wild grasses. The free circulation of air through these 
great unbroken forests is certainly much facilitated by these fires, since they 
destroy every year what would soon become impediments. The destruction of 
this undergrowth leaves the woods so open, and the lands are mainly so level, 
that a carriage may be driven for miles regardless of roads, through the for- 
ests in every direction. 

The shrubs seen about the fields, and places where the forests have been 
interrupted by civilization, #and other causes, are blackberry, huckleberry. 



112 CHATTANOOdA. 



raspljerry, sumac, and their usual neighbors, with the azalia, laurel and rhod- 
odendron on the slopes in the shade of the cliffs. 

The kinds of wild brasses, I regret to saj', I have not noted, and the same 
of the rich and varied display of wild flowers. 

The wli'ole ridge is well supplied with clear, soft running water, even in the 
dryest of the season. There are no marshes, swamps, prbogs — no still water — 
not even a "puddle" for the soil is of such a character that surface water 
quickly filters away into the sands, and mingles with the streams in the gulfs. 
Springs of mineral water are abundant everywhere. Probably there is not a 
square mile of Walden's Ridge which does not furnish chalybeate water abun- 
dantly. Sulphur springs, with epsom salts in combination, are nearly as com- 
mon. 

The entire extent of Walden's Kidge is underlaid with veins of coal, and 
iron (u-e is plentiful, especially in the foot hills. The coal and iron are suc- 
cessfully mined in many places on the eastern slope; on the western they are 
nearly imtouched for the want of transportation. I find that the impression 
prevails that the minerals of the Cumberlands are largely controlled by land 
agents and speculators, This is only true as applied to a very small part of 
the whole, not more than one per cent. The mineral ownership remains with 
the lands almost entirely. 

The prevailing winds on Walden's Ridge are from the southwest, northers 
and northeasters are of rare occurrence. One old lady who had resided there 
for forty years, in answer to my query upon this subject, said; "Nine days out 
often, "the year round, I can smell Alabama in the air.'' This was the usual 
testimony of the residents. Winds of great velocity^ never occur there. In 
summer, there is always an evening breeze, commencing at 4 to 6 o'clock, and 
continuing until after sunrise the next morning. In times of rain, clouds 
hang low over the ridge occasionally, but they never have fogs there. 

The range of the thermometer is lesson the Table-lands than in the adjacent 
valleys. I have had access to the carefully taken observations of the Lookout 
Mountain Educational Institute, .such published accounts as have been made 
by Professor Safford, State Geologist; Mr Killebrew: the thorough and pains- 
taking private record of Capt. John P. Long, of Chattanooga, and many more 
of less length of time. From all these 1 deduce the fact that the summer days 
are seven or eiglit deg'-ees cooler on the mountains than in the Tennessee val- 
ley at Chattanooga, and five or six degrees cooler than in the Sequatchee val- 
ley, as far i.p as Dunlap and Pikeville. The nights on the table are coMer 
than in the lower lands by several more degrees than the days, how much I 
have thus far not been able to state. The late fall months, the winter and 
early spring are not so much colder than the valleys as the summer months, 
the difference between the average temperature of the mountains and valleys 
being at that time four or five degrees less than in the summer. There is no 
record of so hot a day ever having occurred on the Cumberland Mountains as 
to cause mercury to run so high as 9.3 deg. F., or so cold a day as to cause it to 
run so low as 10 deg. below zero. 

In the average winter the ground rarely freezes to a greater depth than two 
or three inches, and remains frozen but a few days at a time. Ice has been 
known to form eight inches thick, but in ordinary winters, three or four inches 
is the maximum. Snow falls every winter, more or less, and sometimes re- 
mains for a week. Old people have a remembrance of a foot of snow which 
lasted for a week 

Walden's Ridge has a total population of a little more than 4,000, scattered 
over 600 .square miles of surface. The number of dwellings is about 800. 
Ninety percent, of these are log houses; seventy per cent, of them are with- 
out glass windows, light being furnished through the doorways, always open in 
the day time, the shuttered window openings and the open spaces between the 
logs of the walls. Less than two per cent, of these houses have plastered 
walls or ceilings, and less than five percent, have ceiled walls or ceilings. 



CHATTANOOGA. il3 



About twenty per cent, of them are fairly well chinked with claj- between the 
logs, the remainder being but indifferently built in that particular. Fully 
ninety per cent, of these abodes admit of free access of air at all times of day 
and night, through the floorti beneath as well as the walls and roof above. It is 
the custom of the people to guard against the coldest of days and nights by 
hanging bed-clothes against the walls, and many good house wives have a sup- 
ply of tidy drapery which they keep alone for this purpose. 

Wood, always at hand, is the only fuel in use. The whole heating appara- 
tus consists of one large open fire-place, built of stone, communicating with 
a large chimney outside the house at one end, and frequently scarcely as high 
as the one-story building which supports it. This chimnej' is constructed in 
such a manner as to be a great ventilator of the whole room, quite sufficient, 
it would be thought, if there were no other means of ventilation. It is usually 
made of stone at the base, and that part above the fire is of sticks laid upon 
one another, cob house fashion, and plastered over inside and between with 
similar clay, as that with which the house walls are chinked. 

Very few of these houses are more than one storj- high. They are all cov- 
ered with long split oak shingles, the people there call them "boards," rifted 
from the trunks of selected trees. There is no sheathing on the roof beneath 
these shingles. They are nailed down upon the flat hewn poles running across 
the rafters, at convenient distances. Looking up through the many openings 
In the roof in one of these houses, one would think that this would be but poor 
protection against rain, but they rarely leak. 

Not one family in fifty is provided with a cooking stove. They bake their 
bread in flat iron kettles, with Iron covers, covered with hot coals and ashes. 
These they call ovens. The meat is fried, with only the exception of when 
accompanied by "turnip greens.' 

The question, "What is the principal food of the people who live on these 
mountains? ' has been asked by me several hundred times. The almost inva- 
riable answer has been, "Corn bread, bacon and coffee." Oceasionallj' bis- 
cuits and game have been mentioned in the answers. All food Is eaten hot. 
Coffee is usually an accompaniment of all three meals, and is drank without 
cream and often without sugar. Some families eat beef and mutton for one 
or two of the colder months in the year, on rare occasions, though beef is 
commonly considered "onfit to go upon," as I was told upon several occasions, 
and mutton sustains less reputation. Chickens are used for food while they 
are young and tender enough to fry, on accaslons of quarterly meetings, visits 
of "kinfolks, ' or the "preachers," and the traveling doctors. Fat young lambs 
are plenty In many settlements from March to October, and can be had at fifty 
cents each, but I could not learn that one was ever eaten. 

A large majority of the adult population use tobacco in some shape — the 
men by chewing or smoking — the women by smoking or dipping snuff. They 
never have dyspepsia, nor do they ever get fleshy, after they pass out of child- 
hood, though nearly all the children are ruddy In appearance, and well 
rounded with fat. 

One ph^'slcal tj'pe prevails among the people in middle life, and carries 
along into old age with but little change ; and old age is common there. 
Nearly every house has its old man or old woman, or both. Everybody, father 
and mother, and frequently grandfather and grandmother, are still on hand 
looking as brisk and moving about as lively as the newer generations. After 
they pass their first forty years they never seem to grow any older for the next 
twenty or thirty, and the grandfathers and grandmothers can scarcely be select- 
ed by comparison, from their own children and grandchildren. The men are 
taller than the average, and the women, relatively, taller than the men. They 
are all thin featured, bright eyed, long haired, sharp looking people, with 
every appearance of strength and power of endurance. 

I think the men who live on Walden's ridge can safely challenge the world 
as walkers, aborigines and all, and unless the challenge should be accepted !)y 



their own women folks, I feel quite sure they would ''win the boots." They 

go on foot everywhere, and never seem to tire. 

Nearly all the people of the table-lands are employed in pursuits of agricul- 
ture. Very few of thom seem to be hard workers. The men are all great 
lovers of the forest sports, much given to the good, reliable, old fashioned long 
rifles. The women and children are much emploj^ed in out-door occupations, 
and live a great portion of their time in the open air. The clothing of all 
classes is scanty. The use of woolen faln-ics for underwear has not yet been 
introduced, and coarse cotton domestic is the universal shirting, and cotton 
jeans, or cotton and wool mixed, constitute the staple for outer wearing apparel. 
The men wear shoes throughout the year much more commonly than boots. 
They never wear gloves, mittens, scarfs or overcoats, and they scorn umbrel- 
las. Probably this whole 4,000 people do not possess two dozen umbrellas, or 
thrice as many overcoats. The women go about at home with bare feet, a 
great part of the summer. They never wear corsets or other lacings. 

I have learned by careful inquiry that very of the people of the ridge have 
ever had the diseases of childhood. Scarlet fever I could hear of in but two 
places, and I suppose that not one person in fifty has had it. Whooping cough 
and measels have occurred but rarely, and the large majority have not yet 
experienced the realities of either. Very few people there have ever been vac- 
cinated, nor has smallpox ever prevailed. Typhoid, typhus and inrermittent 
fevers are unknown. In the great rage of t3'phoid fever which took place ten 
or twelve years ago in the Tennessee and Sequachee valleys, not a single case 
occurred on the mountains, as I have been informed by physicians who were 
engaged in practice in the neighborhood at the time. Diptheria has never 
found a victim there; so of croup. Nobody has nasal catarrh there, and a cold 
or a cough is exceedingly rare. 

I have said that these observations refer more particularly to Walden's 
ridge than to the Cumberland Table-lands in our State as a whole. This ridge 
was chosen by me for this examination, mainly for the i-eason of its conven- 
ience, but particularly' owing to its being more generally settled than any other 
equal portion of the table which lies in Tennessee. Lookout mountain is not 
as well located ; it is on the wrong side of the Tennessee river, and but a few 
acres of it belong in this State. Sand mountain is altogether out of the State, 
but it is perhaps nearer like Walden's ridge in its phj'sical features than Look- 
out. That part of the Cumberlands west of Sequatchee valley is Walden s 
in duplicate, excepting that it is further west, and nearer the Middle Tennes- 
see basin. There are some small towns, villages of miners, and summer re- 
sorts there, which interferes with that evenness of the distribution of popula- 
tion which Walden s ridge has, rendering it more liable to visitation of epidem- 
ic and contagious diseases. The table-lands north of the center line of the 
State, above Grassy Cove, are very similar to Walden's ridge, as far up as Ken- 
tucky, with the exception before mentioned, that of climate — it being from one 
to ten degrees colder in winter. 

This whole Cumberland table is no small country. It comprises territory 
enough to make a good sized State. At present, it is almost one greal wilder- 
ness, in many particulars as unknown as the Black Hills. It is coming into 
the world now, and will be well known in a few years. The great city of Cin- 
cinnati has determined to build a railroad through the very center of this great 
table in the north part of the State, connecting with Chattanooga in the south- 
ern part. This road is nearly bored through, and in another year or two, the 
Cumberland Table-lands in Tennessee will be much heard of at home and 
abroad. 

It seems to me this country has merits. It is located in the latitude of mild 
climate; not so far south as to be scorched by the hot summer sun, or visited 
by the great life destroying epidemics ; nor so far north as to meet the severe 
and lengthened winters. 

Climate, we know, is a fixture; it has a government ; it has rules ; the wea- 
ther may change, but climate does not ; it is a permanent, out-door affair, and 



CHATTANOOGA. 115 



what is true of" to-day, was true centuries ago, and will be true forever — in tlie 
measure of any practical scope, at least. The people of the world are be- 
ginning to know that the greatest destroyer of human life has its remedy 
in climate. 

Mr. Lombard, in his famous exhibit in relation to the prevalence of con- 
sumption among the people of different occupations, circumstances of life 
and place of dwelling, gives the lowest number of deaths from this cause, 
to those who live in the open air. He found the people who lived most in 
the open air, as would be readily conjectured, in the mild latitudes, not in 
jhe countries of hot sands or cold snows." 

Remarks. 
This Cumberland plateau contains some very fine springs and 
places of resort, west of Chattanooga, some of which we notice 
in this connection. 

Moffat. 

This pleasant place of resort is situated on the summit, about 
85 miles from Chattanooga, in one of the most cheering little 
spots on the mountain. This new town was built up by the in- 
domitable energy of John Moffat, Commissioner of Immigration 
for Tennessee. About five years ago he invested in some lands 
on the mouutain for the purpose of raising fruits, etc. Selecting 
the present site of Moffat, where was nothing but a forest a log 
cabin or two, he set men to work clearing away and laying the 
foundation of a prosperous town. In six months there were 
school houses, stores, a planing and saw mill, hotel, etc. etc., and 
from that period has progressed slowly but surely until now; and 
for a mountain town it cannot be excelled. There has since been 
added a cigar factory, shoe factory, stores and quite a little popu- 
lation. Nature has done much for the locality. The air is pure 
and refreshing; fine springs of water, chalybeate and freestone, 
gush out from beneath rocks and crags in a short distance of the 
hotel. The surrounding country is made up largely of a new- 
population whose pursuits are almost the same in every respect — 
the raising of grapes, apples, peaches pears, etc., which grow to 
such fine perfection on this plateau. 

This is one of the localities, on this mountain, where refine- 
ment, and culture, and industry are the characteristics of the 
people to a large extent. 

The Swiss Colony is situated within a few miles of Moffat, in 
Grundy county. They are an industrious people and are said to 
be doing well on an average. 

Sew^anee 

is situated on the Cumberland plateau in Franklin county, about 
75 miles from Chattanooga. It is the site of the " University of 
the South," an institution in which the state, indeed the whole 
South, is much interested. Fine water, good hotel, &c. 



116 CHATTANOOGA. 



Matters of Interest to Those Oomingr to this State. 

Iied6Tnption.--^eiiV est-Ate sold for debt is redeemable any time within 
two years, unless upon application of complainant the Court decree it be sold 
under 6 months, or for 2 years, and that upon confirmation by Court, the title 
shall be absolute to the purchaser. 

Exeinptions.—^ homestead in the possession of each head of a family 
and the improvements thereon, to the value of $1,000 is exempt from sale or 
execution, under legal process — including farming implements, bedding, etc. 

Xiens. —Upon any lot of ground upon which a house has been constructed, 
built or repaired, machinery furnished, etc., under contract with the owner or 
his agent, there is a lien in favor of the mechanic or party so furnishing such 
material, etc.. Each mechanic employed has a lien in proportion to work 
done, or material furnished. 

Jfatltralization,--^ny alien, being a free white person, may he admit- 
ted to become a citizen of the United States, on these conditions : That he 
shall have declared on oath or affirmation, before the Supreme, Superior, Dis- 
trict or Circuit Courts of some one of the States, or of territorial districts of 
the United States, or a Circuit or District Court of the United States, two years 
at least before his admission, that it was hoiva fide his intention to become a 
citizen of the United Stares, and renounce all fidelity to every foreign state or 
sovereignty, etc., and support the Constitution of the United States, etc., etc. 

A few words about the misrepresentations of Tennessee : 
(l). As regards ignorance: In no State in the Mississippi Val- 
ley can be found better educated men and women ; though the 
number who do not read or write is larger than it should be. (2). 
As to prejudice against a man simply because he is a laborer: to 
a limited extent this is true — not so much so as in other States ; 
and when some of the "codfish aristocracy" die there will be a 
decided change in this respect. (3.) As to selfishness of our 
land-owners in wanting to hold too much land : Only to a certain 
extent is this so ; most of them are anxious and ready to sell at 
reasonable rates. 

Finally, if you come to Tennessee, do not expect to find an 
Eldorado all at once ; but a country that can be made one with 
the proper exertions on the part of the people. 



CHATTANOOGA. 117 



THE GREAT CENTRAL 



IS THE TRUNK LINE 

OVER WHICH ALL TRAINS APPROACH CHATTANOOGA 
And it consequently forms an important link in the 

SHORT LINE TO MEMPHIS, 

LITTLE ROCK, AND ALL ARKANSAS AND TEXAS POINTS! 

To St. Louis, Chicago, Louisville, Cincinnati, Indianap- 
olis, Cairo, Kansas City, Denver, Omaha, Mil- 
waukee, St. Paul, Salt Lake City, and 
San Francisco. 

Passengers Should Remember 

THAT THIS LINE RUNS FROM 

Chattanooga, in East Tennessee, 

THROUGH MIDDLE AND WEST TENNESSEE 

TO THE 

[OVER]. 



ll.'^ CHATTANOOGA. 



THE PICTURESQUE GRANDEUR AND BEAUTY OF SCENERY 
along this 

GREAT THOROUGHFARE 

must be seen to be appreciated; therefore we advise all 
travelers to see that their tickets between the 

SOUTHEAST, NORTH AND NORTHWEST 

AND BETWEEN THE 

West, South-west and tlie Southeast 

read over this route. Through tickets and baggage 
checked to principal points. 

A DOUBLE DAILY SERVICE OF PASSENGER 

TRAINS IN EACH DIRECTION, 

Equipped with the Westinghouse Air Brake and other 
modern appliances to secure 

COMFORT AND SAFETY. 

of its patrons. A good track and 

QUICK TIME AND LOW RATES, 

justly entitles this great outlet to the patronage of a dis- 
criminating public. Through tickets over this great line 
can be purchased from all coupon ticket offices at princi- 
pal points throughout the Southeast, West, Northwest and 
Southwest. 

J. W. THOMAS, W. L. DANLEY, 

Gen'l Sup't. G. P. & T. A. 

JOHJf H. PEEBLES, Ticket Aft. Chattanooga, Tenn. 



CHATTANOOGA. IW 




Memphis &CHARLESTON R. R. 



THIS OLD RELIABLE ROUTE 

Offers Supe/Hor Acconimodalions to Travelers 

Goin(/ io or Coming from Si. Jjouis, 

Chicago, Ka?isas City, Denver, 

San I^7^ancisco, 

AND ALL INTERMEDIATE POINTS. 



14 



Miles Shorter to Memphis, 

AND ALL POINTS IN ARKANSAS AND TEXAS, 



And fewer changes of cars 

THAN ANY COMPETINGLINE. 

THROUGH CARS ARE RUN FROM 
Bristol, Va., to Little Rock, Arkansas, a 
distance of 700 miles. A line of elegant 
SLEEPING CARS are now running be- 
tween Lynchburg and Memphis, which, in connection with the 
jsjew Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, at Grand Junction, 
and the Mobile & Ohio and Iron Mountain Railroads at Corinth, 
Miss., forms a delightful route to St. Louis, Chicago, and all 
points West. 

[OVER]. 




120 CHATTANOOGA. 



Our trains are all equipped with the Westinghouse Air Brake, 
and no expense or pains are spared that can add to the 

^^:f ET Y ^ isr ID o o 3v^ :b^o ZE^T 

of our patrons. Parties visiting 

THE CELEBRATED LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, 

NEAR CHATTANOOGA, 

The Virginia and East Tennessee Springs, and all the Southern 

and Southwestern Cities, should bear these facts in mind, 

and see that their tickets read over this 

JUSTLY POPULAR ROUTK. 

OUR TIME IS FAST AND 

CONNECTIONS SURE! 

Through tickets will be found at all coupon offices to all 
prominent points, and 

BAGGAGECHEOKEDTHROUGH! 

W. p. JOHNSON, G. T. A. W. J. ROSS, Supt. 

Memphis, Tenn. Memphis, Tenn 

JOHN L. TRUSLOW, Ticket Agent, OHATTANOOG-A, TENN. 



CHATTANOOGA. 



121 



^^J^lfTGlEl ac i^x:R-JBi£r, 



WHOLESALE DEALERS IN- 



HEAVY AND SHELF 

HARDWARE 

WAGON 

and 

CARRIAGE 

MATERIAL, 

GLMandLEA'i'HE]; 

BELTING, 



WHITE PINH 




smm^ DOORS. 

Louisville Cement, 

AUENT8 FOR 

LAFLIN & RAND 

POWDER COWPANY. 

; FAIRBANKS 

AND BUFFALO 

Ib^ S O ^ Xj e s . 



217 Market Street, CHATTANOOGA, TENN. 



mi fOONDRY JiilO MiCHIIf W 

CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE. 

MANUF'ACTURE 



TURBINE WATER WHEELS 

CIRCULAR SAW MILLS. 

And all kinds of 

-^(;R18T and saw mill MACHINERV, 




122 CHATTANOOGA. 



THE HOWE SEWIHCt MACHINE COMPANY, 

MARKET STREET, bet. FIFTH AND SIXTH, OPPOSITE MORGAN HOUSE. 

R. J. BUCHANAN, Manager. 

The Improved, light-running Howe Sewing Machine combines 

\ 
BEAUTY AND EXCELLENCE OF STITCH, 

FIRMNESS AND DURABILITY OF SEAM, 

ECONOMY OF THREAD, 

SIMPLICITY AND PERFECTION OF MECHANISM. 

If you are thinking of luijnng, and a.ve prejudiced in favor of any particular 

machine, examine the IMPROVED HOWE before you purchase. Call 

and see it and sit down*iind try it. Trial the test, success the proof. 

MACHINES SOLD ON VERY LIBERAL TERMS. 

©^""Also liberal exchanges made for old machines.'"^® 

_A. C3- E 3Sr T S ^W^lsTTED! 



A. FASSNACHT & CO., 



CHATTANOOGA, TENN., 



ALL KINDS OK REPAIRING IN OUR LINE DONE PROMPTLY AND REASONABLY. 

Chattanooga Ice 'Works, 

CHESTNUT STREET, BETWEEN SEVENTH AND EIGHTH, 

PERFECT, CLEAR SOLID ICE 

Fully equal in purity, keeping, quality and size of block to the 
best Lake Ice. A. BEATH, Manager. 



CHATTANOOGA. 123 



1 99 



"MONTEAGLE, 

MOFFAT, MARION COUNTY, TENNESSEE 



This new and elegant summer resort is now open for the recep- 
tion of guests. We can offer 

Attractions Unsurpassed by any other Resort 
in the Soutli. 

The house is new and elegantly furnished, rooms all large and 
airy. 

The location is unrivalled ; on the highest part of the Cum- 
berland Plateau, over 2,000 feet elevation in the midst of the 
most magnificent scenery. 

The only Resort on this High Elevation Accessible by Railroad. 

Water excellent and abundant. Five springs — Freestone and 
Chalybeate. 

Passengers leaving Nashville or Chattanooga in the morn- 
ing make close connection with the mountain train at Cowan and 
reach Moffat at 2:30 p. m. 

T E K. n^ S : 

Per day, - - - - - $2 00 

Per week, - - - - - 12 00 

Per month. - - - - - 40 00 

A liberal discount to those who engage rooms for two months 
or more. 

M. B. CLEMENS & CO. 

M. B. CLEMENS, \ 

JOHN MOFFAT. / MOFFAT, TENN. 



124 CHATTANOOGA. 



Smcialties: F'R UITS and TBGBTs^SZBS. 



"WILEY & JOHNSON, 
IN 

Fruits, Vegetables and Country Produce, 

19^ Market Street. 

J". J", STJii.Li^r-A.nsr, 

Jobber and Dealer in 
GROCERIES, COUNTRY PRODUCE, 

BO'RBIGjVand DOMBSTIC Bli UITS, 

NO. m NINTH, BET. M.\RKET AND RA.ILRO.\D STREETS, 

CHATTANOOGA, TENN. 
'Ze4: Market St., CHATTANOOGA, TENN., 

DEALER IN 

PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, SAW MILLS, AND FIELD SEEDS, 
A^rent for the "HOWARD HYDRAULIC CEMENT." 

This Oiiieut is prououiifpd I)} Eneiiieers iind Practical Masons to he Superior In all | 
Points to any other Oinent made in America. I 

STAR BAKERY, ' 

M.ARKET STREET, NEAR CHATTANOOGA DISCOUNT AND DEPOSIT BANK, 

CHATTANOOGA, TENN. 

All kinds of Baking on hand, or made to Order. 

REGULAR MEATS AT ALL HOURS. 



CHATTANOOGA. 125 



soTJT:E3:EK,3sr 



iMi. L. oe:^t=^:m:^2^, broker. 

Buys, Sells and Exchanges REAL ESTATE of Every 

Description, Houses and Lands Rented, 

and Collections Made. 



CORRESPONDENCE PROMPTLY ANSWERED. Postoffice Box 284. 
CHATTANOOGA, :::::: TENNESSEE. 

(Established 1871.) 

Iron and Brass Castings made to order. Plumbers and Ma- 
chinists Supplies, Rubber Belting, Packing and 
Hose ; Hemp, Soapstone and Asbestos 
Packing. 

WROUGHT ITIOJ^ TITJEJAJVD I'lTTIJVGS 

Brass Work for Steam. Gas and Water. Agent for the Gould's 

celebrated HYDRAULIC APPARATUS, Pumps, 

Rams, Etc., Etc. Agents for Gaar & 

Co's Portable and Stationary 

j|@°= Wrought Iron Fencing made to Order. Agent for Gar- 
lick & Sizer's Sewer Pipe, Fire Brick, and Terra Cotta Work. 
Shops and Salesroom cor. Seventh and Cherry Strs., 

HARRY WILCOX, Prop'r. 

Chattanooga, Tenn. 



12G CHATTANOOGA. 



P.C.WILSON, 

mmm wiiidow-guss iiiid mmm, 

MARKET ST., CHATTANOOGA, TENN. 



ORNAMENTAL, I ENAMELED, AND 

EMBOSSED, I LETTERED 

ENGRAVED, | GLASS. 



THE ONLY STORE SOUTH DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO THE GLASS TRADE! 



fisr- EVERY THING IN GLASS KEPT OR OKDEKED. "^l 

Glaziers' Tools,Poiiits,Diainoiids,Steel Cutters,&c 

ONLY CASH TRADE SOLICITED ! 



CHATTANOOGA FIRE BRICK WORKS. 

MONTAGUE & CO., Proprietors. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

FIRE BRICK AND DRAIN PIPE 

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 
Fire Clay y;round for mortar constantly on hand. 

CHATTANOOGA SAW WORKS, 

B. W. LEWIS & SON, (Dayton, O.) Prop's. 

RAILROAD AVENUE, bet. SEVENTH and EIGHTH STS.,CHHATTANOOGA, TENN. 

Prepared to furnisli all kinds of 

Circular, Mulay, Mill, Drag and Cross-cut Saws, 

Speiiiil attention given to repairs of Saws. All work guarantied as to price and miality of finish 
Address orders to J. D. RYAN, Manager, Chattanooga, Tenn. 



128 CHATTANOOGA. 



DEALER IN 

GROCERIES, 

PICKLES, JELLIES, SPICES, CITRON, RAISINS, 

CANNED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, 

CHOICE CIGARS AND TOBACCO, 

FRENCH AND AMERICAN CONFECTIONERY. 

165 MARKET ST., Bet. 6th and 7th, 

CHATTANOOGA, TENN. 
JOHN SCHANTELMEIER. 

DEALER IN 

FLOWERS AND SHRUBERY, 

OIF J^XjI_. "V.i^I^IETIES, 

Whiteside Street, - - Chattanooga, Tenn. 

Boquets and Wreaths furnished to order. 

PIG IRON BROKER, 

Office 233 Market Steet, 

(P. 0. BOX, 0^2.) 
CHATTAJfOOGA, TEJ^TJS. 



CHATTANOOGA. 12!i 



Chattanooga Flouring Mills. 

GEO. W. KAYLOR, Prop'r., 

CEDAR St., near Reservoir, CHATTANOOGA, TENN, 

Orders PromjHly Filled, 

The Trade supplied with FLOUR, BRAN and all kinds of FEED STUFFS, 
at any time free of dray age. HIGHEST MARKET 

PRICE paid for Wheat. 

gehiifs (Jliattauooga (Jummercial Qdllege. 

2ol Market St., POSS' BT-OCK, 

CHATTANOOGA, TENN. 

ESTABLISTIED IN OCTOBER, 187.5. 

^ 

The above Institution has been in successful operation for 
nearly a year. It presents superior advantanges to young and 
middle aged men and women for acquiring a thorough practical 
business education. The principal is a practical book keeper. 
No text books are used; but students are required to open and 
close books just as they would be required to do in a counting 
house, and thus acquire the real practical knowledge of accounts. 

This institution presents a fine opportunity to those wishing to 
spend either the winter or summer months in a climate free from the 
extremes of heat and cold. The climate of this part of Tennes- 
see is not excelled, if equalled, in the Union for its uniformity and 
healthfulness. Chattanooga is surrounded with a number of 
places of national interest; Lookout Mountain, Walden and Mis- 
sionary Ridges, Chicamauga and other places of equal impor- 
tance. 

Students can, while acquirinjf a thorough, practical business education, 
spend their time in a pleasant and healthy climate, and thus combine business, 
health and pleasure. Chattanooga is already quite a resort for persons in 
search of health and pleasure. 

Time unlimited, and students can review free of charge. School in session 
daj' and evening. No vacation this session. 

DIPLOMAS AWARDED TO THOSE WHO COMPLETE THE FULL 
COURSE IN A SATISFACTORY MANNER. 

:0- 

TEI^IMIS : 

Full course of lessons, paj'able in advance $40 00 

Penmanship ii 00 

Graduating Fee I 00 

For further particulars address .TEREMIAH BEHM, Principal. 



i:50 CHATTANOOGA, 



J. H. WARNER & Co., 

CHATTANOOGA, TENN. 

^w, r. GJ^ooDA^iisr, 




LIVERY AND SALE STABLES, 

(Cor. R, R. Ave. and 8th St., near Read House,) 

CHATTANOOGA, . - . - TENN. 

*t®° Everything in uiy line furnished to order, at reasonable rales- 

Enterprise Machine Works 

KAILKOAD AVENUE, 

CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE. 

MANrFACTlKKR.^^ OF 

Engines, Pumps and Tools. 

WORKING MODELS and 

EXPERIMENTAL MACHINERY 

MADE TO ORDER. 

■REl^AntlA'G OF ALL AVA1).S' 1>0J^B. 

BEN. TRUXAL, LEW. DUN MEYER. 



CHATTANOOGA. 



IHl 



Comercial Collectini Ajeicf, 



CHATTANOOCJA, PENN. 



Collections made in any part of the United States. 



H. M. WILTSE, 



ATTORNEY &, COUlfSELLOR. 



SPKIIAT. ATTENTION TO CITV CLAIMS 



J", XJ. LEE, 

DENTIST. 
Chattanooga, :::::::: Tenn. 



OFFICE : 

CLIPPIMGER'S B UILD' G, 
MAKKET STREET. 

KKT. StH &9tH. 



PH. MANDRE & CO., 

DEALERS IN 

BEER, WINES AND LIQUORS. 

196 Market Street, 



Agents for JOHN KAUFFMAN & CO., Cincinnati, O. 

CITY DISTILLERY, 



Cedar St., near Reservoir, CHATTANOOGA. 



Distillers of Hamilton County Sour Mash, Hand-made Log Dis- 
tilled CORN WHISKEY. 



182 



CHATTANOOGA. 



SOUTHERN 
Pump and Pipe Co., 



— xMANUFACTURHRS OF- 



Teniple's Improved Porcelain-Lined 




FARM PUMPS ! 

Pump Ma,terial, Tubing, etc., 



-ALSO — 



WOOD PIPE FOR GAS AND WATER MAINS, 

Chattanooga, - - - Tenn. 






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